大师作文网用英语或汉语总结一下段意,谢谢,急.
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用英语或汉语总结一下段意,谢谢,急.
Time Systems
Time systems are the hidden cultural rules that are used to arrange experiences in some meaningful way. There are three types of time systems: technical or scientific, formal, and informal (Hall, 1959).
Technical time systems refer to the precise, scientific measurement of time in units such as light years or microseconds(微秒).
Formal time systems involve the cultural understanding of units of time. Time units can vary greatly from culture to culture. Time can be defined according to the revolution(运行) of the moon around the earth, the changing seasons, the rise and fall of the tides, or the movements of the sun. It can also be linked to significant events such as the birth of a royal son or an important victory in battle.
Informal time system refers to the implied cultural rules of how time should be used or experienced. How long should you wait for someone who will be ready soon, for example: a minute, a while, or some other period? When is the proper time to arrive for an 8:00 P. M. party or a 9:00 A. M. business appointment? As a dinner guest, how long after your arrival would you expect the meal to be served? Cultures form unstated expectations about the timing and duration of such events.
Perhaps the most important aspects of a culture’s informal time system are the degree to which it is monochronic or polychronic. (Hall, 1959)
A monochronic time system means that things should be done one at a time, and time is measured in precise, small units. In such a system, time is regarded as a commodity, something to be used, bought, wasted, saved or spent. People in cultures that view time in this way attach much importance to appointments and schedules, and view them as ironclad(不能改变的). For example, many European Americans carry a calendar book divided into hours, which tells them when, where and with whom to engage in activities. These events also have limits or boundaries, so that there is an expected beginning and ending point that has been scheduled in advance.
A polychronic time system means that several things are under way at the same time. People in cultures that observe time in polychronic fashion regard relationships as far more important than schedules. Appointments may be quickly broken, schedules readily set aside, and deadlines go unmet without guilt or apology when friends or family members require attention. In this sense, European Americans are often upset when they are kept waiting for a scheduled appointment, particularly when they discover that they are the third of three appointments that have been scheduled at exactly the same hour.
Time Systems
Time systems are the hidden cultural rules that are used to arrange experiences in some meaningful way. There are three types of time systems: technical or scientific, formal, and informal (Hall, 1959).
Technical time systems refer to the precise, scientific measurement of time in units such as light years or microseconds(微秒).
Formal time systems involve the cultural understanding of units of time. Time units can vary greatly from culture to culture. Time can be defined according to the revolution(运行) of the moon around the earth, the changing seasons, the rise and fall of the tides, or the movements of the sun. It can also be linked to significant events such as the birth of a royal son or an important victory in battle.
Informal time system refers to the implied cultural rules of how time should be used or experienced. How long should you wait for someone who will be ready soon, for example: a minute, a while, or some other period? When is the proper time to arrive for an 8:00 P. M. party or a 9:00 A. M. business appointment? As a dinner guest, how long after your arrival would you expect the meal to be served? Cultures form unstated expectations about the timing and duration of such events.
Perhaps the most important aspects of a culture’s informal time system are the degree to which it is monochronic or polychronic. (Hall, 1959)
A monochronic time system means that things should be done one at a time, and time is measured in precise, small units. In such a system, time is regarded as a commodity, something to be used, bought, wasted, saved or spent. People in cultures that view time in this way attach much importance to appointments and schedules, and view them as ironclad(不能改变的). For example, many European Americans carry a calendar book divided into hours, which tells them when, where and with whom to engage in activities. These events also have limits or boundaries, so that there is an expected beginning and ending point that has been scheduled in advance.
A polychronic time system means that several things are under way at the same time. People in cultures that observe time in polychronic fashion regard relationships as far more important than schedules. Appointments may be quickly broken, schedules readily set aside, and deadlines go unmet without guilt or apology when friends or family members require attention. In this sense, European Americans are often upset when they are kept waiting for a scheduled appointment, particularly when they discover that they are the third of three appointments that have been scheduled at exactly the same hour.
此文为总分结构.第一段总述：时间观念也是一种隐性的文化,不同的时间系统有不同的规则.剩下的几段都是举例分述几种不同文化里的时间系统和时间观念.