求九章算术的英文介绍,不要太难的.

求九章算术的英文介绍,不要太难的.

Linear algebra stems from the need to solve systems of linear equations.For small systems,ad hoc methods are sufficient.Larger systems require one to have more systematic methods.The modern day approach can be seen 2,000 years ago in a Chinese text,the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art (Traditional Chinese:九章算术,Simplified Chinese:九章算术,pinyin:Jiǔzhāng Suànshù).Chinese mathematicians developed a system in which they organized linear equations in a rectangular pattern called Fāng Chéng (方程) in Chinese,involving horizontal and vertical counting rods.This rectangular representation of linear equations is the equivalent of today's matrix.
One of the key developments in linear algebra was the modern day method of solving linear systems known as Gauss-Jordan elimination,after German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855) and German engineer Wilhelm Jordan (1844-1899).Gauss called the method elimination,even though the Chinese were using an almost identical method nearly two millennia prior.This method stemmed really from Gauss's laziness in leaving off variable stems such as x1,x2,etc.in solving large n-tuples of linear equations while following the asteroid now known as Ceres.His method is explained in his book Theoria Motus Corporum Coelestium (1809).
The history of modern linear algebra dates back to the years 1843 and 1844.In 1843,William Rowan Hamilton (from whom the term vector stems) discovered the quaternions.In 1844,Hermann Grassmann published his book Die lineale Ausdehnungslehre (see References).Arthur Cayley introduced matrices,one of the most fundamental linear algebraic ideas,in 1857.These early references belie the fact that linear algebra is mainly a development of the twentieth century:the number-like objects called matrices were hard to place before the development of ring theory in abstract algebra.With the coming of special relativity many practitioners gained appreciation of the subtleties of linear algebra.Furthermore,the routine application of Cramer's rule to solve partial differential equations led to inclusion of linear algebra in standard coursework at universities.For instance,E.T.Copson wrote:
Linear algebra
When I went to Edinburgh as a young lecturer in 1922,I was surprised to find how different the curriculum was from that at Oxford.It included topics such as Lebesgue integration,matrix theory,numerical analysis,Riemannian geometry,of which I knew nothing...
Linear algebra
—E.T.Copson,Preface to Partial Differential Equations,1973
Francis Galton initiated the use of correlation coefficients in 1888.Often more than one random variable is in play and they may be cross-correlated.In statistical analysis of multivariate random variables the correlation matrix is a natural tool.Thus statistical study of such random vectors helped develop matrix usage.