大师作文网怎么确定虚拟语气有时我分布请,给我举例说明
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怎么确定虚拟语气
有时我分布请,给我举例说明
有时我分布请,给我举例说明
一、概念
[Subjunctive Mood]
中文译作"虚拟语气".它是一种动词形式,表示说话人的某种假设、愿望、怀疑、猜测、建议等含义.
二、语法结构
1.if结构（非真实条件句——表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况）
与..事实相反 If从句 主句
过去 Had done Would* have done
现在 Were/did Would* do
将来 Should do/were/were to do Would* do
例句：If there hadn’t been much rain in spring, we would have had a good harvest now. [过去]
If he smoked less, his cough might be well soon. [现在]
If the lecturer should be late, you would have to make a speech first. [将来]
备注：
（1）上表中’*’,would都可转换为should、could、might.
（2) 如果为时间错综句的话,左右两栏可互相搭配,排列组合.
例句：
He would still be alive today if he hadn’t taken that drug.
[与现在事实相反] [与过去事实相反]
(3) if可转换为其他形式
例句：Without your advice, our meeting wouldn’t have been so successfully. [过去]
（=>可转换为：If there hadn’t been your advice, we …）
Your notes are almost illegible (难以辨认的). Notes typed out would be a lot easier to read. [将来]
(=> 可转换为：If the notes had been typed out, it would be a lot easier to read.)
I should have gone to see Dr. Smith and he might have cured me of the disease.[过去]
(=> 可转换为：If he have gone to see Dr. Smith, he ..)
2、wish结构
与..事实相反
过去 Had done
现在 Were/did
将来 Would
备注：可转换为其他形式.
例句：He talks as if (好像) he had done all the work himself. [过去]
I wish I were a bird.
I wish he handn' done that.
I wish I would be rich in the future.
3、should结构
从句中用“should + 动词原形”构成.而且should可以省去.用于此结构的动词有：advise, direct, agree, ask, demand, decide, desire, insist, order, prefer, propose, request, suggest,intend等.
例句：The teacher suggest he (should) read English aloud.
注意：当insist表示“坚持认为”、suggest表示“表明,显示”时,不用虚拟语气.
例句：The look on his face suggested that he was quite satisfied with what I had done for him.
He insisted that he was honest.
4、would rather ＋从句
在这种结构中,从句的谓语动词用过去形式表示虚拟.
例句：I would rather you did this instead of me.
5、主语从句中的虚拟语气
1）It be + 形容词 + that ．．．（should）．．．
用于该句型的形容词是：necessary, good, important, right, wrong, better, natural, proper, funny,
strange, surprising ．
一些名词也可以用于 在该结构中.如：a pity, no wonder．．．．
2）It be + 过去分词 + that ．．．（should）．．．．
用于该结构中的过去分词是表示“建议、请求、命令”等词的过去分词.如：desired, suggested, requested,
ordered, proposed等.
3）It is time（about time, high time）that ．．．（过去式动词形式或should＋动词原形）．．．．
It is high time I went home now. = It is high time I should go home now.
6、表语从句、同位语从句中的虚拟语气
在suggestion, proposal, order, plan, idea, advice, decision等需要有内涵的名词后面的表语从句、同
位语从句中,要使用虚拟语气.其谓语动词应用：should＋原形动词.另外连接从句的that不能省
略.
例：My suggestion is that we should go there at once.
What do you think of his proposal that we should put on a play at the English evening?
三、使用范围及判断
1、虚拟语气表示一种不能实现的假设.该语法主要用于if条件状语从句.也可用于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句等.
2、if条件状语从句中虚拟语气的判断
判断是真实条件句还是非真实条件句.只有在非真实条件句中才使用虚拟语气.通过句子意思,看假设的条件是否能够实现,能够实现是真实条件句,不能使用虚拟语气；假设的条件不能实现则是非真实条件句,要用虚拟语气.
判断这个假设是与哪个事实相反.通常有三种情况：①与过去事实相反.②与现在事实相反.③与将来事实可能相反.
3、“后退一步法”
后退一步法是指在准确地判断了该句与哪一事实相反后,按虚拟语气的后退一步法处理从句谓语动词的时态.即：在非 真实条件状语从句中,谓语动词按正常情况“后退一步”.也就是：
1）与过去事实相反,在从句中用过去完成时形式表示.
2）与现在事实相反,在从句中用过去一般时形式表示.
3）与将来事实可能相反,在从句中用过去将来时形式表示.
主句中则用情态动词would, should, could 等加一个与从句一致的动词形式.
例：If I had come her yesterday, I would have seen him.
If I were a teacher, I would be strict with my students.
If it should snow tomorrow, they couldn’t go out.
四、注意事项
1.if条件句中如有were, should, had,可以省去if,并使用倒装语序.
2、在现代英语中if条件状与从句中的谓语动词如果是be其过去形式一般用were.
3、wish 后面宾语从句中的虚拟语气,按“后退一步法”处理从句的谓语动词.注意：与哪个事实相反,不能以主句的时态为判断依据,而是根据从句的意义判断.
在英语中说话人的意图不同,动词需用不同的形式,这种形式称为语气.英语中共有三种语气:
①陈述语气-陈述事实.
②祈使语气-提出请求、命令等.
③虚拟语气-表示主观愿望和假想虚拟的情况.
虚拟语气是A级语法的必考项目（每年的考试都有）,它是一种特殊的谓语动词形式.虚拟语气题型主要分为两大类:条件从句的虚拟语气和其它从句的虚拟语气.
一.条件从句的虚拟语气
条件从句的虚拟语气一般分为三种情况:
1.表示与现在事实相反,用if...V.ed,...would+V.如:
I am sorry I am very busy just now.If I had time, I would certainly go to the movies with you.对不起,我现在非常忙.如果我有时间,我一定会和你一起去看电影的.（实际上没时间）
2.表示与过去事实相反,用if...had+V.ed,...would have+V.ed...如:
The flood might have caused great damage to the people if we hadn't built so many reservoirs. 如果我们没有建立这么多水库,洪水很可能给人们造成巨大损失.（实际上已经修了）
3.表示对将来发生情况的怀疑或实现的可能性很小,用if...should+V..were...,...would+V.ed...如:
If it should rain tomorrow,I would stay at home.如果明天下雨的话,我就呆在家里.（下雨的可能性很小）
注:以上三种情况主句中的谓语,除了would外,还可用should,could,might.
4.错综时间条件句.在错综时间条件句中,虚拟条件从句和主句动作发生的时间不一致,因此,主句和从句的谓语动词要根据各自所指的不同时间选用适当的虚拟语气形式.如:
If you had spoken to him last time you saw him,you would know what to do now.如果你上次看到他时跟他说一下,现在就知道怎么做了.
If I were you,I wouldn't have made so many mistakes last night.如果我是你的话,昨天晚上我不会出那么多错的.
二.用在其它从句中的虚拟语气
1.用在wish之后的宾语从句中.这种虚拟语气一般有三种情况:
①表示现在的愿望,从句谓语用一般过去时,be换成were
I wish I got more letters from them.我真希望能收到他们更多的信.
②表示过去的愿望,从句谓语用过去完成时或could have+V.ed
I wish I had given more attention to my math study last term.我真希望上学期在数学方面多花些工夫.
③表示未来不大可能实现的愿望,从句谓语用would+V.
I wish he would invite me to the party this weekend.我希望他能邀请我参加这个周末的晚会.
2.用在It is about（high）time+that从句中（表示应该做,但还没做）.That从句的谓语用一般过去时,that可省略.
It's high time we began our morning exercises.我们该做早操了.
在would rather,would sooner（宁愿）,would just as soon（宁愿）的宾语从句中,从句谓语动词有两种情况:
①表示现在或将来虚拟时,谓语一般都用一般过去时;
②表示过去虚拟用过去完成时.如:
I would rather you came next week instead of today.我宁愿你下个星期来,而不是今天.
I would rather that I had not finished the task.我宁愿没完成这项任务.
3.用在表示命令、建议、要求和愿望的宾语从句中,谓语动词用should+V.（可省略should）.
The law requires that everyone（should）take a test for a driver's license.
常见的这类动词有:suggest,request,insist,decide,advise,order,propose,ask, object,urge,vote,demand,recommend,command,desire等.由上述动词派生或转化的名词在同位语从句和表语从句中,谓语动词也要用这种形式.如:
There was a suggestion that Brown（should）be dropped from the team.有一项建议是布郎应该离队.
4.在it is.was+形容词（分词）+that从句中,其谓语动词用（should）+V.如:
It was essential that a child（should）be honest with their parents.小孩子对父母要诚实这是很重要的.
常用于该种句型的形容词有:important,urgent,imperative,vital,preferable,crucial, appropriate,necessary,essential,desirable,advisable,insisted,suggested, ordered,requested,commanded等.如果这些形容词或分词用作宾语补足语,那么其that引导的宾语从句的谓语动词也用（should）+V.形式.如:
I think it necessary that she（should）have her bike repaired.我认为她有必要把自行车修理一下.
5.在as if,as though和if only引导的状语从句中,表示与现在事实相反,谓语动词用一般过去时;表示与过去事实相反,用过去完成时.如:
If only he had told us the truth in the first place,things wouldn't have gone so wrong.如果他早些告诉我们事实真相,事情不会那么糟的.
三.虚拟语气的一些特殊情况
1.if only用于简单句中,用一般过去时表示现在没有实现的愿望;用过去完成时表示过去没有实现的愿望.（一般译为:要是……就好了!）
If only I were you.我要是你该多好哇!
He has already left,if only you had come five minutes earlier.他已经离开了.你要是早来五分钟该多好哇!
2.在if条件句的虚拟语气中有时会出现主从句所指的时间不一致的情况,我们称这种句子为混合型虚拟条件句.这种从句的谓语动词的形成要根据所表示的时间来调整.如:
If you hadn't stayed so late last night,you wouldn't be so sleepy now.（过去虚拟,现在一般时态）如果你昨晚不睡得那么晚,你现在就不会那么困了.
3.带有介词without,but for（要不是）,otherwise（否则）,but that,except for,only,but,or等的虚拟语气的使用.这种句子从表面看,没有虚拟语气特征,但从深层意义看,属虚拟语气.
Without electricity we would do nothing.（与现在事实相反）But for your help,we could not have finished the task so well.（与过去事实相反）
4.if条件句其谓语为were,should,had时,可省略if,把were,should,had移到主语之前构成倒装句.
Were he to leave today,he would get there on Saturday.
Had you failed the exam,you might not have passed the course.
5.由lest（以防）,for fear that（惟恐）,in case（以防）引起的从句.lest和in case引导的目的状语从句出现在过去时中,一般用虚拟语气,而且should可省略;否则也可用陈述语气.for fear that从句可用should也可用may或 might.如:
Please bring an umbrella with you lest it（should）rain.
She put the coat over her daughter for fear that she should catch cold.四.解题时要注意的几个问题:
（1）根据题干内容,确定是否是属于虚拟语气的句子.
（2）如果是虚拟语气句子,根据信息词或相关内容确定是属于哪种虚拟语气的类型.
（3）从四个选项中选出符合所确定的虚拟语气类型的正确答案.
（4）将答案代入题干中进行检查,看是否符合语法结构和语义的要求（注意虚拟语气的一些特殊情况）.
[Subjunctive Mood]
中文译作"虚拟语气".它是一种动词形式,表示说话人的某种假设、愿望、怀疑、猜测、建议等含义.
二、语法结构
1.if结构（非真实条件句——表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况）
与..事实相反 If从句 主句
过去 Had done Would* have done
现在 Were/did Would* do
将来 Should do/were/were to do Would* do
例句：If there hadn’t been much rain in spring, we would have had a good harvest now. [过去]
If he smoked less, his cough might be well soon. [现在]
If the lecturer should be late, you would have to make a speech first. [将来]
备注：
（1）上表中’*’,would都可转换为should、could、might.
（2) 如果为时间错综句的话,左右两栏可互相搭配,排列组合.
例句：
He would still be alive today if he hadn’t taken that drug.
[与现在事实相反] [与过去事实相反]
(3) if可转换为其他形式
例句：Without your advice, our meeting wouldn’t have been so successfully. [过去]
（=>可转换为：If there hadn’t been your advice, we …）
Your notes are almost illegible (难以辨认的). Notes typed out would be a lot easier to read. [将来]
(=> 可转换为：If the notes had been typed out, it would be a lot easier to read.)
I should have gone to see Dr. Smith and he might have cured me of the disease.[过去]
(=> 可转换为：If he have gone to see Dr. Smith, he ..)
2、wish结构
与..事实相反
过去 Had done
现在 Were/did
将来 Would
备注：可转换为其他形式.
例句：He talks as if (好像) he had done all the work himself. [过去]
I wish I were a bird.
I wish he handn' done that.
I wish I would be rich in the future.
3、should结构
从句中用“should + 动词原形”构成.而且should可以省去.用于此结构的动词有：advise, direct, agree, ask, demand, decide, desire, insist, order, prefer, propose, request, suggest,intend等.
例句：The teacher suggest he (should) read English aloud.
注意：当insist表示“坚持认为”、suggest表示“表明,显示”时,不用虚拟语气.
例句：The look on his face suggested that he was quite satisfied with what I had done for him.
He insisted that he was honest.
4、would rather ＋从句
在这种结构中,从句的谓语动词用过去形式表示虚拟.
例句：I would rather you did this instead of me.
5、主语从句中的虚拟语气
1）It be + 形容词 + that ．．．（should）．．．
用于该句型的形容词是：necessary, good, important, right, wrong, better, natural, proper, funny,
strange, surprising ．
一些名词也可以用于 在该结构中.如：a pity, no wonder．．．．
2）It be + 过去分词 + that ．．．（should）．．．．
用于该结构中的过去分词是表示“建议、请求、命令”等词的过去分词.如：desired, suggested, requested,
ordered, proposed等.
3）It is time（about time, high time）that ．．．（过去式动词形式或should＋动词原形）．．．．
It is high time I went home now. = It is high time I should go home now.
6、表语从句、同位语从句中的虚拟语气
在suggestion, proposal, order, plan, idea, advice, decision等需要有内涵的名词后面的表语从句、同
位语从句中,要使用虚拟语气.其谓语动词应用：should＋原形动词.另外连接从句的that不能省
略.
例：My suggestion is that we should go there at once.
What do you think of his proposal that we should put on a play at the English evening?
三、使用范围及判断
1、虚拟语气表示一种不能实现的假设.该语法主要用于if条件状语从句.也可用于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句等.
2、if条件状语从句中虚拟语气的判断
判断是真实条件句还是非真实条件句.只有在非真实条件句中才使用虚拟语气.通过句子意思,看假设的条件是否能够实现,能够实现是真实条件句,不能使用虚拟语气；假设的条件不能实现则是非真实条件句,要用虚拟语气.
判断这个假设是与哪个事实相反.通常有三种情况：①与过去事实相反.②与现在事实相反.③与将来事实可能相反.
3、“后退一步法”
后退一步法是指在准确地判断了该句与哪一事实相反后,按虚拟语气的后退一步法处理从句谓语动词的时态.即：在非 真实条件状语从句中,谓语动词按正常情况“后退一步”.也就是：
1）与过去事实相反,在从句中用过去完成时形式表示.
2）与现在事实相反,在从句中用过去一般时形式表示.
3）与将来事实可能相反,在从句中用过去将来时形式表示.
主句中则用情态动词would, should, could 等加一个与从句一致的动词形式.
例：If I had come her yesterday, I would have seen him.
If I were a teacher, I would be strict with my students.
If it should snow tomorrow, they couldn’t go out.
四、注意事项
1.if条件句中如有were, should, had,可以省去if,并使用倒装语序.
2、在现代英语中if条件状与从句中的谓语动词如果是be其过去形式一般用were.
3、wish 后面宾语从句中的虚拟语气,按“后退一步法”处理从句的谓语动词.注意：与哪个事实相反,不能以主句的时态为判断依据,而是根据从句的意义判断.
在英语中说话人的意图不同,动词需用不同的形式,这种形式称为语气.英语中共有三种语气:
①陈述语气-陈述事实.
②祈使语气-提出请求、命令等.
③虚拟语气-表示主观愿望和假想虚拟的情况.
虚拟语气是A级语法的必考项目（每年的考试都有）,它是一种特殊的谓语动词形式.虚拟语气题型主要分为两大类:条件从句的虚拟语气和其它从句的虚拟语气.
一.条件从句的虚拟语气
条件从句的虚拟语气一般分为三种情况:
1.表示与现在事实相反,用if...V.ed,...would+V.如:
I am sorry I am very busy just now.If I had time, I would certainly go to the movies with you.对不起,我现在非常忙.如果我有时间,我一定会和你一起去看电影的.（实际上没时间）
2.表示与过去事实相反,用if...had+V.ed,...would have+V.ed...如:
The flood might have caused great damage to the people if we hadn't built so many reservoirs. 如果我们没有建立这么多水库,洪水很可能给人们造成巨大损失.（实际上已经修了）
3.表示对将来发生情况的怀疑或实现的可能性很小,用if...should+V..were...,...would+V.ed...如:
If it should rain tomorrow,I would stay at home.如果明天下雨的话,我就呆在家里.（下雨的可能性很小）
注:以上三种情况主句中的谓语,除了would外,还可用should,could,might.
4.错综时间条件句.在错综时间条件句中,虚拟条件从句和主句动作发生的时间不一致,因此,主句和从句的谓语动词要根据各自所指的不同时间选用适当的虚拟语气形式.如:
If you had spoken to him last time you saw him,you would know what to do now.如果你上次看到他时跟他说一下,现在就知道怎么做了.
If I were you,I wouldn't have made so many mistakes last night.如果我是你的话,昨天晚上我不会出那么多错的.
二.用在其它从句中的虚拟语气
1.用在wish之后的宾语从句中.这种虚拟语气一般有三种情况:
①表示现在的愿望,从句谓语用一般过去时,be换成were
I wish I got more letters from them.我真希望能收到他们更多的信.
②表示过去的愿望,从句谓语用过去完成时或could have+V.ed
I wish I had given more attention to my math study last term.我真希望上学期在数学方面多花些工夫.
③表示未来不大可能实现的愿望,从句谓语用would+V.
I wish he would invite me to the party this weekend.我希望他能邀请我参加这个周末的晚会.
2.用在It is about（high）time+that从句中（表示应该做,但还没做）.That从句的谓语用一般过去时,that可省略.
It's high time we began our morning exercises.我们该做早操了.
在would rather,would sooner（宁愿）,would just as soon（宁愿）的宾语从句中,从句谓语动词有两种情况:
①表示现在或将来虚拟时,谓语一般都用一般过去时;
②表示过去虚拟用过去完成时.如:
I would rather you came next week instead of today.我宁愿你下个星期来,而不是今天.
I would rather that I had not finished the task.我宁愿没完成这项任务.
3.用在表示命令、建议、要求和愿望的宾语从句中,谓语动词用should+V.（可省略should）.
The law requires that everyone（should）take a test for a driver's license.
常见的这类动词有:suggest,request,insist,decide,advise,order,propose,ask, object,urge,vote,demand,recommend,command,desire等.由上述动词派生或转化的名词在同位语从句和表语从句中,谓语动词也要用这种形式.如:
There was a suggestion that Brown（should）be dropped from the team.有一项建议是布郎应该离队.
4.在it is.was+形容词（分词）+that从句中,其谓语动词用（should）+V.如:
It was essential that a child（should）be honest with their parents.小孩子对父母要诚实这是很重要的.
常用于该种句型的形容词有:important,urgent,imperative,vital,preferable,crucial, appropriate,necessary,essential,desirable,advisable,insisted,suggested, ordered,requested,commanded等.如果这些形容词或分词用作宾语补足语,那么其that引导的宾语从句的谓语动词也用（should）+V.形式.如:
I think it necessary that she（should）have her bike repaired.我认为她有必要把自行车修理一下.
5.在as if,as though和if only引导的状语从句中,表示与现在事实相反,谓语动词用一般过去时;表示与过去事实相反,用过去完成时.如:
If only he had told us the truth in the first place,things wouldn't have gone so wrong.如果他早些告诉我们事实真相,事情不会那么糟的.
三.虚拟语气的一些特殊情况
1.if only用于简单句中,用一般过去时表示现在没有实现的愿望;用过去完成时表示过去没有实现的愿望.（一般译为:要是……就好了!）
If only I were you.我要是你该多好哇!
He has already left,if only you had come five minutes earlier.他已经离开了.你要是早来五分钟该多好哇!
2.在if条件句的虚拟语气中有时会出现主从句所指的时间不一致的情况,我们称这种句子为混合型虚拟条件句.这种从句的谓语动词的形成要根据所表示的时间来调整.如:
If you hadn't stayed so late last night,you wouldn't be so sleepy now.（过去虚拟,现在一般时态）如果你昨晚不睡得那么晚,你现在就不会那么困了.
3.带有介词without,but for（要不是）,otherwise（否则）,but that,except for,only,but,or等的虚拟语气的使用.这种句子从表面看,没有虚拟语气特征,但从深层意义看,属虚拟语气.
Without electricity we would do nothing.（与现在事实相反）But for your help,we could not have finished the task so well.（与过去事实相反）
4.if条件句其谓语为were,should,had时,可省略if,把were,should,had移到主语之前构成倒装句.
Were he to leave today,he would get there on Saturday.
Had you failed the exam,you might not have passed the course.
5.由lest（以防）,for fear that（惟恐）,in case（以防）引起的从句.lest和in case引导的目的状语从句出现在过去时中,一般用虚拟语气,而且should可省略;否则也可用陈述语气.for fear that从句可用should也可用may或 might.如:
Please bring an umbrella with you lest it（should）rain.
She put the coat over her daughter for fear that she should catch cold.四.解题时要注意的几个问题:
（1）根据题干内容,确定是否是属于虚拟语气的句子.
（2）如果是虚拟语气句子,根据信息词或相关内容确定是属于哪种虚拟语气的类型.
（3）从四个选项中选出符合所确定的虚拟语气类型的正确答案.
（4）将答案代入题干中进行检查,看是否符合语法结构和语义的要求（注意虚拟语气的一些特殊情况）.