英语翻译Dying metaphorsA newly invented metaphor assists thought

英语翻译
Dying metaphors
A newly invented metaphor assists thought by evoking a visual image; while on the other hand a metaphor which is technically "dead" (e.g.iron resolution) has in effect reverted to being an ordinary word and can generally be used without loss of vividness.But in between these two classes there is a huge dump of worn-out metaphors which have lost all evocative power and are merely used because they save people the trouble of inventing phrases for themselves.Examples are:Ring the changes on,take up the cudgel for,toe the line,ride roughshod over,stand shoulder to shoulder with,play into the hands of,no axe to grind,grist to the mill,fishing in troubled waters,on the order of the day,Achilles' heel,swan song,hotbed .Many of these are used without knowledge of their meaning (what is a "rift," for instance?),and incompatible metaphors are frequently mixed,a sure sign that the writer is not interested in what he is saying.Some metaphors now current have been twisted out of their original meaning withouth those who use them even being aware of the fact.For example,toe the line is sometimes written as tow the line .Another example is the hammer and the anvil ,now always used with the implication that the anvil gets the worst of it.In real life it is always the anvil that breaks the hammer,never the other way about:a writer who stopped to think what he was saying would avoid perverting the original phrase.
Operators or verbal false limbs
These save the trouble of picking out appropriate verbs and nouns,and at the same time pad each sentence with extra syllables which give it an appearance of symmetry.Characteristic phrases are render inoperative,militate against,make contact with,be subjected to,give rise to,give grounds for,have the effect of,play a leading part (role) in,make itself felt,take effect,exhibit a tendency to,serve the purpose of,etc.,etc .The keynote is the elimination of simple verbs.Instead of being a single word,such as break,stop,spoil,mend,kill ,a verb becomes a phrase ,made up of a noun or adjective tacked on to some general-purpose verb such as prove,serve,form,play,render .In addition,the passive voice is wherever possible used in preference to the active,and noun constructions are used instead of gerunds (by examination of instead of by examining ).The range of verbs is further cut down by means of the -ize and de- formations,and the banal statements are given an appearance of profundity by means of the not un- formation.Simple conjunctions and prepositions are replaced by such phrases as with respect to,having regard to,the fact that,by dint of,in view of,

正在消亡的隐喻
一个新造的隐喻通过激起视觉形象帮助思考；而另一方面,一个技术层面而言已经“死亡”的隐喻（如iron resolution）实际上被还原成了一个普通的词,并且在使用中通常不会失去其生动性.但在介于这两类隐喻之间还存在着一大堆陈旧的隐喻,它们已经失却了唤起人们感情的力量,仅仅因为可以省却人们创造新短语的麻烦而被使用.例如,ring the changes on,take up the cudgel for,toe the line,ride roughshod over,stand shoulder to shoulder with,play into the hands of,no axe to grind,grist to the mill,fishing in troubled waters,on the order of the day,Achilles' heel,swan song,hotbed .人们在使用许多这类隐喻时并不了解它们的含义（比如,什么是“rift”?）,且不相配的隐喻常被混用,确然显示出执笔的人对自己要表达的内容并无兴趣.有些隐喻的原意已经被扭曲,而其使用者并未意识到这一事实.比如,toe the line有时会被写成tow the line.又如短语the hammer and the anvil （腹背受敌之意）,现在常常用来表示铁砧（the anvil）的结局最糟糕.但现实中往往是铁砧打破铁锤而永远不会是相反的情形.写作者如果停止思考他要表达的内容,他将会避免反常地使用隐喻（这句话好像有矛盾）.
操作员或言语的假肢
这些（短语）省却了挑选适当的动词和名词的麻烦,同时给每个句子添加了音节,赋予其对称的外观.典型的短语有render inoperative,militate against,make contact with,be subjected to,give rise to,give grounds for,have the effect of,play a leading part (role) in,make itself felt,take effect,exhibit a tendency to,serve the purpose of,等等,等等.其主旨在于去除简单动词.一个动词变成一个由名词或形容词与通用的动词（如prove,serve,form,play,render）相接组成的短语,而非一个简单的单词.此外,任何可能用被动语态的地方都偏向于不使用主动语态,并且使用名词结构而不是动名词结构 （如by examination of而不用by examining）.动词的应用通过应使用具有-ize 和de- 组词规律的名词进一步减少,而通过not un-这种组词规律的使用,原本的陈腔滥调也被披上了一层意味深长的外衣.简单的连词和介词则被with respect to,having regard to,the fact that,by dint of,in view of之类的短语取代
第一次翻译文学类的东西,仅供参考,
再问： 你也是电脑的吧·~~~~~~~~~~
再答： 是人脑哦。只是我是做理科研究的，可能翻译成科技类风格了。如果觉得不好就不要采用了 ^_^愿你找到合适的译文。另外，译文里“动词的应用通过应使用”应该是“动词的应用由于使用”比较好。
再问： 好吧 虽然我自己翻译出了