The impact of Science and Tecnology on human civilization

The impact of Science and Tecnology on human civilization
谁有这方面的材料阿?要英文的,急用!

Religion and science are the two biggest forces affecting human Author : He Shanghai I would like to "religion and science" as a topic (the title of the lecture is "belief and science"). Beliefs can be divided into religious and non-religious beliefs beliefs. In Western languages, the word often equated with religious beliefs is a positive sense, is noble, profound sense, called faith, and their belief is related another term, translated "believe", "belief", sometimes also religious. About religion and science, I think Huaitehai, the mathematician and philosopher, expressions, Russell teachers and colleagues. He has a point : the human impact of the two forces is the largest religion and science. If "science" is not in a narrow, strict modern sense, his words justified. The so-called narrow, strict, modern science is the sense from 17 centuries, on a pilot basis, a systematic rational arguments scientific system. But human science activities, natural awareness, describing natural, a law for their own service activities, all nations and all times is a phenomenon. Religion is at all nations and all times, some of the cultural phenomena of all. Therefore, the religious and scientific sense, is the greatest influence both forces. However, the relationship is very close and complicated, so we can say that the future of mankind, to a large extent will depend on the human race to understand how the relationship between religion and science and processing. Let me think about this title also Weitegensitan a philosopher, not a real cause for the mysterious world how exist, but it exists in the world, not How the world is, but the world is moving. This involves a question of identity, particularly the second sentence more obvious. "How", how there is something that the world how interrelated, how transformed into each other, which is scientific research. Science from things interrelated and mutually transformation, summed up the law and then proceed to a rational description, or through experimentation, observation by law, and then gave the first occurrence of the phenomenon of the same conditions, yield the same result. This is very beneficial to our lives. Science to the world how there has to know a lot, but also many do not know that the unknown is always more than the known. Because the world is endless links, so people understand is insatiable, known forever limited, limited gap with unlimited always unlimited. On the other hand, science or human rationality, the capacity to understand the reason, in principle, that understand such matters not understand things. I wonder if things are mysterious, if not mysterious know. Mysterious things are beyond human reason, and so science "magic", but in symbolism and metaphor sense. It can be said that science is the rational use of the tools to understand the world of things interrelated and understand the world is "how to exist" for the service of learning. On the other hand, the real mystery is the "world exist" itself. While talking about this issue, Weitegensitan is "the existence of the world" as a whole. He was not speaking in a one phenomenon, but in all the stresses phenomenon, the sum of the facts that the world as a whole, the universe as a whole. He proposed the "world why there and not there." This Laibunici centuries ago also asked : "Why is there a world, not of this world? "This problem appears to be a philosopher of bored, but perhaps people will at some point be thinking. From daily language point of view, may be frivolous, but philosophical point of view, is a significant problem. Our judgment or proposition, some are analytical, such as "the whole is greater than the parts." Its characteristics are necessarily correct, because the negative statement (for example, "less than the overall segment") self-contradictory and not substantiated. Logical propositions, mathematical propositions are such that the correctness is inevitable, the negative is self-contradictory and absurd. Another proposition is true proposition that the proposition on the facts, such as "where a person". Its correctness is accidental (Due to various reasons, there may be complete, and that individuals may not be entirely), because of the negative proposition is not self-contradictory, and can not be established; "where no one," this matter has nothing incredible. Weitegensitan is to the world as a whole, "the world exists" as a fact about the issue. Many great thinkers, philosophers and so when. With the religious origins. Because the world as a whole, "the world exists" is also a fact proposition, the negative is not inconceivable, not contradictory. We had no idea this world, nor is absurd. Western thinkers have been talking about such ideas. I say "for all" and "Road", that is "No"; Buddhism believes that the origin of the world is "empty"; Christians believe that the world is God from the "create something". It appears that the major civilizations are thought to this. This is a problem for the world origin. Much universe scientists argued that the retroactive cosmic history, unlimited move back, the universe of time and space that is closer to zero. I think it is natural that the Road ( "no") for one, two lives, two students 3 : :. Western Augustin was questioned : God created the world previously? He said : God created the world, the time is not even, there any "after"? For the origin of the world as a whole, wrote, not science. Aristotle discussed. Scientific research into the target, not fabricated, only original things changed form, structure. Science only study how things interrelated and transformation. How can the world of "from scratch" and people on this issue, in the past, present and future do not know. This leads to a religious attitude. Religion is not the description of the world, but people expressed to the "existence of the world" and to the world origin with positive, is considered sacred or thanksgiving attitude. Therefore, the world of science is to explore how the existence of these laws people find services, such a knowledge system; Religion is the recognition of limited rational, positive acceptance of the existence of the world, such an attitude to life. These can be said to be introduced on the relationship between religion and science view that the so-called separation theory : : two unrelated. The best exposition of this theory is Tijuana moved. Another view is : religious and scientific opposition, and not just separation. On this theory, Russell is a great representative. The third point is : science and religion interrelated, and interaction. Huo cards to this point with a lot of evidence, Frank, Haisenbaige also think so. Dilixi believe that the two are separated, so science can only conflict with the scientific, or religious conflict with bogus science. Christian "Creation Theory" not emphasize how the existence of the world, not science, but stresses identity theory, the existence, if that "science" would conflict with science. Instead, scientific and religious conflict, it is only in the philosophy of things described by the theory of the time. Therefore, the conflict of science with science, beliefs conflict with faith. Bruno burned mainly because of theological conflict with those theological, he was regarded as heresy in the animist. He and Copernicus, the antithesis of the scientific perspective, Aristotle and Ptolemy, and other scientists scientific perspective. As this is not the former Soviet Union Sakharov persecuted for engaging in science, but because of their political views with the leaders of the Soviet political views differ. As we all know, Japan is said to be accepted by the church with another perspective -- geocentric said conflict. Japan's opposition was said, both churches were also scientists. Japan is said to be with the Church authorities, including the accepted scientific concepts conflict. The second is on religious and scientific opposing views, we are familiar with, I would not say. A third view is science and religion are interlinked and influence. I personally think that this view is justified. Two things in the world occurred at the same time the role of human minds may also have two elements, how can not interact? However, this positive impact may be, may also be negative, they may conflict may harmony. On the conflict, for example, many ancient religious period, including the Americas, India and China many religious minorities that many things are sacred world, so for the "taboo" and can not dissect, analyse. This ancient concept of the theory, apparently restricts the development of science. Another example is the opposite, many 17, 18 century Western scientists believe that research in the world is the best way to understand God, because, in accordance with the Bible, God created the world and submitted to the management of human, the human right to study it and use it. Meanwhile, the study also understand the natural world God created the world rules. This contributed to the rise of modern science in the West, this is a positive link religion and science performance. Science and religion are interactive, so they should engage in dialogue. From the late 1960s onwards, the Western world has been the emergence of many monographs and special studies are dialogue, but also set up many agencies, organizations, associations devoted to the study of the issue. Cambridge, and other religious schools also established relations with the scientific disciplines. This dialogue will be of great value to humanity. Because science requires ethical guidelines, and ethical and religious beliefs. For example, human cloning ethically, legally will create serious problems, with the vast majority of the world's major religions related human deep may think that such restrictions provide a deeper scientific basis for the disaster.
宗教和科学是影响人类最大的两种力量
作者：何光沪
我想以“宗教与科学”作为话题（讲座的标题是“信仰与科学”）.信仰可分为宗教性信仰和非宗教性信仰.在西方语言中,信仰一词常等同于宗教,是正面意义上的,是高尚的,深刻意义上的,叫faith,与其相关的另一个词是belief,可译成“相信”,“信念”,有时也有宗教性.讲到宗教与科学,我就想到怀特海,这个数学家,哲学家,逻辑学家,罗素的老师和同事.他有一个观点：影响人类最大的两种力量是宗教与科学.如果“科学”一词不是在狭隘的、严谨的现代意义上说,他的话有道理.所谓狭隘的、严谨的、现代意义上的科学是从17世纪以来,在实验基础上的,有系统的理性论证的科学体系.但是人类的科学活动,认识自然、描述自然、寻找规律为自己服务的活动,是所有的民族、所有的时代都共有的现象.宗教也是在所有的民族、所有的时代、所有的文化中共有的现象.所以,广义上说的宗教和科学,的确是影响人类最大的两种力量.但是,二者的关系非常紧密而又复杂,以至于我们可以说,人类的未来,在很大程度上会取决于人类对宗教和科学二者关系如何理解和处理.
这个标题还让我想到了哲学家维特根斯坦的话,真正令人感到神秘的不是世界怎样存在,而是世界竟然存在,不是How the world is,而是That the world is.这话涉及到一个本体问题,尤其第二句话更明显.“How”,怎样存在,是指世界上的事物怎样相互关联,怎样相互转化,这是科学研究的问题.科学从事物的相互联系、相互转化中,总结出规律,然后进行一种理性的描述,或者说,通过实验、观察得到规律,然后再给出第一次现象发生的同样的条件,得出同样的结果.这是对我们生活很有利的.科学对于世界怎样存在,已知道很多,但也有好多不知道,未知的永远超过已知的.因为世界的联系是无穷的,所以人的认识也是无穷的,已知永远有限,有限的同无限的差距总是无限的.另一方面,科学或人类知性的、理智的理解能力,原则上说可以认识未被认识的东西.未知的东西是神秘的,一旦知道就不神秘.神秘是超出人理智外的东西,所以科学的“神秘”,只是在象征意义、比喻意义上说的.可以说,科学就是利用理性的工具来认识世界上多种事物的相互联系,了解世界是“如何存在”,以便为人们服务的学问.
另一方面,真正的神秘,是“世界存在”本身.在谈这个问题时,维特根斯坦是把“世界的存在”作为一个整体来看.他不是在讲一个一个的现象,而是在讲所有的现象、事实的总和,即世界的整体、宇宙的整体.他提出了“世界为什么存在,而不是不存在”的问题.这个问题莱布尼茨几百年前也问过：“为什么有一个世界,而不是没有这个世界?”这个问题似乎是一个哲学家的无聊问题,但是也许是人会在某个时候会想到的.从日常语言上看,可能很无聊,但从哲学上看,是个很有意义的问题.我们的判断或命题,有些是分析性的,例如“整体大于部分”.其特点是必然正确,因为反面的说法（例如“整体小于部分”）自相矛盾,不能成立.逻辑命题、数学命题都属于这种,其正确性是必然的,其反面说法是自相矛盾的,荒唐的.另一种命题是事实命题,即关于事实的命题,例如“那里有一个人”.其正确性是偶然的（由于种种原因,那里完全可能有,也完全可能没有那一个人）,因为,这个命题的反面,不是自相矛盾、不能成立的；“那里没有一个人”,这件事没什么不可思议.维特根斯坦是把世界当作一个整体,把“世界存在”看作一个事实来谈问题.许多伟大的思想家、哲学家也是这样来谈的.宗教的起源与这有关.因为把世界作为整体,“世界存在”也是一个事实命题,其反面也不是不可思议的,不是自相矛盾的.我们设想曾经没有这个世界,也不是荒唐的.中西思想家均谈到过这种思想.老子说的“生万物”的“道”,即是“无”；佛教认为世界的本源是“空”；基督教认为世界是上帝从“虚无中创造”的.看来各大文明都思考过这个问题.这也是个追究世界本源的问题.还有许多宇宙学家论述说,追溯宇宙历史,无限往前追溯,宇宙的时间、空间即趋近于零.这自然令人想到老子说的道（即“无”）生一,一生二,二生三…….西方的奥古斯丁被质问：上帝创造世界以前是怎样的?他说：上帝创造世界以前,连时间都没有,哪有什么“前后”?追究世界作为整体的本源,是形上学,不是科学.亚里士多德论述过.科学研究的对象的转化,不是无中生有,只是原有的东西转变了形式、结构.科学只研究事物怎样相互联系和转化.而对世界怎么能“从无到有”,人对这个问题,过去、现在、将来都不知道.这就引出了宗教的态度.宗教不是对世界的描述,而是表达人对“世界存在”、对世界本源抱有正面的,即视为神圣的或感恩的态度.
所以,科学是探讨世界怎样存在,找到其中的规律为人服务,这样一套知识体系；宗教是承认人的理性有限,正面地接受世界存在,这样一种生活态度.
以上也可以说是引进了关于宗教与科学关系的一种观点,即所谓分离论……二者不相干.对这个理论论述得最好的是蒂里希.另一种观点是：宗教与科学对立,而不仅是分离.对这个理论,罗素是一大代表.第三种观点是：科学与宗教相互关联,又相互影响.霍依卡对这个观点提供了很多证据,弗兰克、海森堡等也这样认为.
蒂利希认为,二者分离,所以科学只能同科学冲突,或者同冒充科学的宗教冲突.基督教的“创世论”不是讲世界怎样存在,不是科学,而是讲本体论上的存在,如果自称“科学”,就会同科学冲突.反之,科学同宗教冲突,只是在它把对事物的描述上升为哲学理论之时.所以,科学同科学冲突,信仰同信仰冲突.布鲁诺受火刑主要是因其神学同当权者的神学发生冲突,他的泛神论在当时被视为异端.他和哥白尼等的科学观点的对立面,是亚里士多德和托勒密等科学家的科学观点.这正如前苏联的萨哈罗夫并不是因搞科学受迫害,而是因其政治观点与苏联领导人的政治观点不一样.众所周知,日心说是与教会所接受的另一观点--地心说发生冲突.当时反对日心说的,既有教会的人也有科学家.日心说是同当时包括教会当局在内的大家所接受的科学观念冲突.
第二种即关于宗教与科学相互对立的观点,大家都很熟悉,我就不多说.第三种观点是科学与宗教相互关联、影响.我个人认为这个观点很有道理.两种东西同时在世界上发生作用,人的头脑里可能同时有两种成份,怎么能不相互影响呢? 但是,这种影响可能是正面的,也可能是负面的,二者可能冲突,也可能和谐.关于冲突,举个例子,上古时期的很多宗教,包括美洲、印度和中国不少少数民族的宗教,认为世间很多事物是神圣的,所以出于“禁忌”,不能解剖、分析.这与上古的万物有灵论有关,显然限制了科学的发展.另外一个相反的例子是,很多17、18世纪的西方科学家认为,研究世界是认识上帝的最好办法,因为依据圣经,上帝创造世界并把它交给人类管理,所以人类有权为利用它而研究它.同时,研究自然界还可认识上帝创造世界的法则.这就促进了现代科学在西方的兴起,这是宗教与科学正面联系的表现.
科学与宗教是相互影响的,所以二者应进行对话.从60年代后期开始,西方世界已有许多专著出现,专门研究二者对话问题,还成立了许多机构、组织、协会专门研究这个问题.剑桥大学等学校还设立了宗教与科学关系的学科.这种对话对人类大有好处.因为,科学需要伦理指引,而伦理同宗教信念有关.比如克隆人在伦理上、法律上都会造成严重的问题,而同世界上绝大多数人类深切相关的各大宗教,则可以为限制这种科学灾难提供更深层的根据.