英语翻译(1)文化符号体系差异.符号体系是人们辨别不同文化的标志之一,也是人们进行沟通的手段,由语言符号和非语言符号两部

英语翻译
(1)文化符号体系差异.符号体系是人们辨别不同文化的标志之一,也是人们进行沟通的手段,由语言符号和非语言符号两部分构成.语言符号包括书面语言和El头语言；非语言符号包括形体语言、时间语言、电子语言和物体语言.不同文化中的人们沟通必须借助于特定的符号来实现.然而,由于不同文化之间的符号体系是各不相同的,结果导致跨文化沟通中的分歧、误会.例如美国人的时间语言通常非常强调准时,如几点几分开始,多长时间：而中国人的时间语言则相对是模糊的,如一支烟的工夫、一顿饭的时间、我明天上午去找你,究竟是多长时间、几点几分,是有一定时间弹性的.
(2)文化规范体系差异.规范体系是指构成一种文化的行为准则体系,规范体系规定了一种文化群体成员的活动方向、方法和式样,是一种文化价值观念的具体化和制度化.不同文化的规范体系是不同的,这在跨文化沟通中经常引起误会和冲突.如日本人和美国人对谈判中冲突的理解是不同的：美国人认为谈判中出现妥协是正常的,因而谈判中双方的妥协带有道德的味道；而日本人恰恰相反,他们带到谈判桌上的是经过深思熟虑的意见,因而他们一般不会在谈判桌上妥协.
(3)文化认知体系差异.文化首先是人们的一种认识和感知,由世界观、人生观和价值观三个部分组成.尽管在跨文化沟通中,人们不会特别关注自己的世界观、人生观和价值观,但毋庸置疑,这些隐藏在文化背后的识会不知不觉地影响和左右我们进行跨文化交流.因为来自于不同文化背景的人们在沟通时其假定的前提是不同的,他们并据此对外界的信息刺激作出不同的反应.例如对于儒家文化来说,宗族就是一切；而在清教徒眼中,为上帝及其正义而奋斗才是一切.当一个清教徒和一个中国人在谈论人生目标时,沟通破裂的可能性就非常大.
1．正确对待文化差异.在跨文化沟通中,各种文化之间的差异是客观存在的,这
是我们进行跨文化沟通的前提.为了有效地进行跨文化沟通,避免无谓的价值冲突、无效沟通或沟通误会,正确对待文化差异是一种基本要求.为此,应该做到：在沟通实施前,沟通双方至少应当了解沟通对方文化和自己所在文化存在的各方面文化差异,并做好相关的心理准备,而且了解得越多、越详细越好.在沟通过程中,针对较为浅层面的文化符号差异,应尽可能地采取灵活的沟通措施；针对较为深层面的规范体系差异和认识体系差异所导致的沟通障碍,要能够准确地找出,并且要尽可能地把原则性和灵活性统一起.在沟通结束后,应尽力结沟通的经验和教训,且经过数次沟通后,从中探讨相关的沟通规律.
2．保持积极沟通心态.上述跨文化沟通的主障碍对文化的评价都乏偏颇之处,原因在于沟通者都没有保持正确的沟通心态.沟通有三种心态,即“积极”、“退缩”、“侵略”.三种心态将会导致不同的沟通行为：积极心态在于保持自己文化的特色和优势,但又不侵犯对方文化；退缩心态的目的是为了避免冲突或取悦于他人,甚至以牺牲自己文化为代价；侵略心态则在于求胜,特别是通过牺牲其他文化而获取胜利.就沟通者自身所处的文化而言,退缩心态反映文化触角效应,侵略心态反映文化光环效应,两种心态都不利于有效地进行跨文化沟通.因此,我们应该选择积极的沟通心态.
3．努力实现文化认同.文化认同是指通过跨文化沟通,实现沟通各方对他方的文化予以足够的理解、承认和尊重,从而保证组织事业在不同的文化背景中蓬勃发展.要达到这一目标要做到：(1)文化上求同存异,(2)沟通中相互适
应,即在跨文化沟通中努力适应对方文化.(3)思维上消除定势,即打破跨文化沟通中的思维定势,尽可能地做到客观公正.

(1) differences in cultural symbol system.Symbol system is that people identify one of the symbols of different cultures,but also people the means to communicate by sign language and non-linguistic symbols of two parts.Linguistic symbols including written language and the language of El head; non-linguistic symbols,including body language,time,language,e-language and object language.Communication between people of different cultures must be achieved by means of specific symbols.However,due to the different cultures of the symbol system is not the same,resulting in differences in cross-cultural communication,misunderstanding.For example,Americans are usually very stressed time and time languages,such as some sort of start,how long:The Chinese people of the time the language is relatively vague,such as the cigarette of the work,a meal time,I go tomorrow morning looking for you,whether it is long,some a bit,there is some time flexibility.
(2) differences in cultural norms system.Standard system is a code of conduct constitutes a cultural system,standard system provides a kind of cultural activities in the direction of group members,methods and style,is a specific cultural values and institutionalized.System of norms of different cultures are different,which in cross-cultural communication often led to misunderstanding and conflict.Such as the Japanese and Americans to understand the conflict negotiation is different:Americans believe that the negotiations appear to compromise is normal,so the two sides negotiated a compromise with the moral taste; the Japanese,on the contrary,they brought to the negotiating table The considered opinion is,so they generally will not compromise at the negotiating table.
(3) cultural differences in cognitive systems.The first is a kind of cultural understanding and awareness of people from the world,life and values of three parts.Although cross-cultural communication,people will not be particularly concerned about their world,life and values,but no doubt behind these hidden knowledge in the cultural impact and so unconsciously we conducted cross-cultural communication.Because people from different cultural backgrounds of people to communicate with the assumption on the premise that different,that their information accordingly to the outside world's response to different stimuli.For example,Confucian culture,the clan is everything; in Puritan eyes,and their just struggle for God is everything.When a Puritan and a Chinese person talking about life goals,communication and the possibility of rupture is very large.
1.Correct attitude towards cultural differences.In cross-cultural communication,the differences between different cultures is an objective reality,which
Cross-cultural communication is a prerequisite.In order to effectively cross-cultural communication,the value to avoid unnecessary conflict,ineffective communication or communication misunderstanding,the correct treatment of cultural differences is a basic requirement.To this end,it should do:before the implementation of the communication,communication,communication between the two sides should at least understand each other culture and their own cultural existence in which all aspects of cultural differences and make related to the psychological preparation,and understand,the more detailed the better.In the communication process,for a more shallow level,differences in cultural symbols,should be flexible as much as possible the communication measures; for a more standardized system of deep-level understanding of system differences and communication barriers caused by differences,to be able to accurately identify and To the extent possible,from the unity of principle and flexibility.After the communication,should make every effort to communicate the experiences and lessons end,and after several communications,from which the communication of the relevant law.
2.Maintain a positive communication attitude.The main obstacles to cross-cultural communication are lack of evaluation of cultural biases,because those who do not maintain proper communication and the communication state of mind.There are three communication mentality,that is