英语翻译Silence and Control Sometimes,silence may be regarded as

英语翻译
Silence and Control
Sometimes,silence may be regarded as a sign of someone’s power or control over others (Jaworski,1993).As Tannen (1985) suggests,silence in itself is not necessarily a sign of powerlessness,just as volubility in itself is not necessarily a sign of domination.For example,Sattel’s (1983) analysis reports that men use silence to exercise power over women and peers.“Silence and inexpression are the ways men learn to consolidate power,to make the effort appear as effortless,to guard against showing the real limits on one’s potential and power by making it all seem easy; even among males,one maintains control over a situation by revealing only strategic proportions of oneself” (Sattel,1983,p.122).The use of silence,inexpressiveness,is related to men’s position of dominance; it works as a method for achieving control both in male-female and in male-male interaction (Sattel,1983).Defrancisco’s (1991) study of couples’ daily interactions confirmed Sattel’s (1983) assumptions that men tended to silence women in marital relations.Clearly silence can be a strategy to control partners in intimate conflicts.
The reason that men are more controlling than women is because women are raised in the United Stated and Asia as more interdependent and men more independent.Cross and Madson (1997) conclude that many gender differences in cognition,motivation,emotion,and social behavior may be explained in terms of men's and women's different self-construals; in general,men in the United States are thought to construct and maintain an independent self-construal,whereas women are thought to construct and maintain an interdependent self-construal.
Individuals high in independent self-construals prefer to use a dominating strategy to deal with conflict while those high in interdependent self-construals prefer to use an obliging strategy (Oetzel,1998a).The dominating strategy reflects competitive and power-oriented thoughts (Rahim,1983).Thus,the following hypothesis is offered:
H 4.Individuals’ independent self-construal scores will correlate positively with the likelihood of using silence in marital conflicts as a control move.

silence and control 沉默和主宰
有些时候,沉默会被视为某人的一种权利的暗示,或者控制他人的示语,(引用:Jaworski,19993),Tannen 1985启示:沉默本身不是一种必然的无权力的象征,就像健谈本身也不是一种必然的主宰的象征.举例,Sattel’s (1983) 分析并发表说明男人用沉默来压到女性和他的同僚“沉默和冷漠都是男人巩固他们权利的方式,使努力成为了毫不费力,用沉默避免揭示他真正所隐藏的权利.即使在男性中,一个人为了他维护权利的人在某些情况下只会展示他个人的战略部分,(Sattel,1983,p.122).沉默的使用,无声的表现,是和男人所主宰的地位有关; 这种方法在男与女,女与男之间相互交错(Sattel,1983).Defrancisco’s (1991) 研究一对夫妻的日常生活的交流得出,Sattel’s (1983)臆断的 男人想用婚姻关系来使女人平静,很明显,沉默可以成为一个战略来控制伴侣间的个人冲突.
因为在美国长大的女性和亚洲的都比较喜欢相互的依赖,而男性确是实比较独立的.Cross 和 Madson (1997),总结出,性别在认知力,动力,情绪和社会表现上的不同也许可以解释为什么男性和女性的不同的自我构念；总的来说,美国的男性被认为是构建和维持一个独立的自我构念.但是女性被认为是构建和维持一种相互依靠的自我构念.
每个个人的高度独立性自我构念 更喜欢使用一种控制的对策来应付冲突 那些高度相互依赖的自我构念更喜欢遵循领导(Oetzel,1998a).主宰的战略反映出了竞争性的和权利指示的思想(Rahim,1983).
因此,下列的猜想提出：
H 4.个人独立自我构念的原因肯定和在孩童时使用沉默来应对家庭间的冲突作为控制的方法有着莫大的联系