英语翻译Design — Indicating Through SignsM.Cecilia C.Baranauskas

英语翻译
Design — Indicating Through Signs
M.Cecilia C.Baranauskas and
Rodrigo Bonacin
Introduction
Different disciplines have different concepts of “design,” so our
understanding of design varies according our particular field.
The development of the design concept in the Human-Computer
Interaction (HCI) field has inherited approaches,methodologies,
and theories coming mainly from Information Systems (IS),Software
Engineering (SE),Behavioral and Social Sciences and,more recently,
from Design Studies.The rationalist tradition has dominated thinking
regarding the design of interactive systems in the Information
Systems and Software Engineering fields.As discussed by Ehn and
Löwgren,1 the first approaches to IS development can be characterized
by a strong belief in systematic design methods founded in
mathematical-logical theories.Research interests in accuracy and
technical control guided these approaches.The main assumptions
behind them,as suggested in some methods of SE,seem to be that
the users (end-user,client,customer,stakeholder,or problem owner)
are supposed to give complete and explicit descriptions of their
demands in terms of the system to be developed.
Within the rationalist view of IS development,reality is
objectively ascertained,is the same for everyone and is composed
of entities,their properties,and relationships.Data is understood
as a means of representing the truth about reality,and truth is the
correct correspondence between some real entities.An information
system is a kind of “plumbing” system through which data flow
and,within this perspective,the role of the designer is to specify the
truth data structure and functions of the system needed by users.2
According to this view,interface design is just a matter of providing
access to the underlying system functionality.
In the 1990s,this picture changed and one of the major
sources of inspiration was the theoretical discussion on the actual
nature of the phenomenon of designing computer artifacts.A reframing
of the rationalistic understanding of computer systems started
to consider reality as a social construction based on the behavior of
its participating agents.Within this view,the role of the designer is
to assist users to articulate their problems; discover their information
requirements; and evolve a systemic solution.In other words,
“design” is understood by Winograd and Flores,3 and Adler and
Winograd,4 as:“...the interaction between understanding and
creation.” In designing a system,the focus is on concerned involvement
rather than on correct descriptions.

其实文章意思还算明白,就是用话说起来太费劲了,感觉这些phd是故意把绕晕大家以便让人没法挑错……
我尽力了,楼主自重吧.
另外很奇怪那些贴机译的人,要是我的提问遇到这样的,宁可把分淹了也不送这种人情.
他们一回答别人可能就不看这些被回答过的问题了.
设计 - 借助标牌的指示
作者：M. Cecilia C. Baranauskas and Rodrigo Bonacin
介绍
在不同的学科里,“设计”的概念是不同的,所以针对不同的领域,我们对设计的理解也是有差异的.在人机互动（HCI）领域中,设计这个概念的发展主要继承了源自信息系统（IS）学科、软件工程学（SE）、行为与社会科学、以及近期以来也自设计研习学科这些领域中的方式、方法和理论.
关于信息系统和软件工程领域的交互系统设计是理论传统的主导思想.根据 Ehn 和 Löwgren 的讨论（注1）,信息系统开发中最初的方法都具有这样的特点,即对数理逻辑学理论中建立的系统设计方法的坚定信念（意思是这些方法都是建立在假定数理逻辑学理论中建立的系统设计方法都是正确的这个基础上的）.在精确性与技术控制方面的研究兴趣影响了这些方法.这些方法背后的主要假定条件是,如同在软件工程学中一些方法建议的那样,假设所有用户（包括最终用户、客户、顾客、股东、或会产生问题的人）都能够完整且明确地描述出他们对待开发的系统的需求.在关于信息系统开发的理论观点中,现实是客观明确的、是对所有人都相同的、并且是由实体、实体的属性以及其间的关系构成的.数据可被理解为用来描述实际事实的一种表示方法,而事实则是某些真实实体间的正确联系.一个信息系统是一种数据在其中流动的“管道”系统,从这个观点来看,设计者的任务是要描述出该事实数据结构以及用户需要的系统功能（注2）.根据这个观点,界面设计只是一种为使用内在的系统功能而提供的访问方式而已.
在20世纪90年代里,这种情况发生了变化,这个思想的主要来源之一是源自于对设计电脑产物现象的实际本质的理论探讨.一种对计算机系统的理性理解的观点重组开始把基于现实的各构成因素的行为作为视角的基础,来将现实考虑为一种社会构造（意思是重新用另外一种方式来理解计算机系统,这种方式开始以事物的构成个体的行为作为思考的基本角度,来把现实解释成一种社会构造）.
在这种观点中,设计者的作用就是要帮助用户表达清楚自己的问题,并且发现他们的信息需求,再进一步发展成一个系统性的解决方案.换个方式来说,按 Winograd 和 Flores（注3）、以及 Adler 和 Winograd（注4）的理解,“设计”就是“理解与创造的互动”.
设计一个系统时,重要的是要设身处地地融入其中,而不仅仅限于进行了正确的描述这个层次上.（整句的意思是,你必须尽可能让自己设身处地地深入到使用这个系统的业务中,才能真正去了解使用他们需要、设计出他们能用而且好用的东西）