dialectal varieties

dialectal varieties
这个是我第一次用知道提问!这个是期末论文!英语中文都行啊!
这个是语言学的论文,请各位帮忙看看有没有相关的文章!

Many western linguists insist that Chinese is a family of Languages rather than a single language.Chinese dialects comprises many regional variants.The various forms of Chinese Dialect are usually classified into the following broad groups.
Mandarin 北方话/北方话:(c.850 million) This is the group of dialects spoken in northern and southwestern China,not to be confused with Putonghua 普通话 / Guoyu 国语,often also called "Mandarin",the official spoken language of China.Putonghua / Guoyu is also spoken widely in Taiwan,Malaysia,Singapore,and by the overseas Chinese community in other parts of the world.
Wu 吴语/吴语:(c.87 million) spoken in the provinces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang Wu includes Shanghai dialect.The Wu dialect is notable among Chinese dialects in having kept voiced initials,such as /b/,/d/,/g/,/z/,/v/,etc.
Hakka (Kejia) 客家话/客家话:(c.30 million) spoken by the Hakka people in several provinces across southern China,in Taiwan,and in parts of Southeast Asia.The term "Hakka" itself translates as "guest families",and many Hakka people consider themselves to be descended from Song-era refugees from North China,although genetic and linguistic evidence suggests that the Hakka originated right around where they are today.Hakka has kept many features of northern Middle Chinese that have been lost in the North.It also has a full complement of nasal endings,-m -n -ŋ and occlusive endings -p -t -k,maintaining the four categories of tonal types,with splitting in the ping and ru tones,giving six tones.Some dialects of Hakka have seven tones,due to splitting in the qu tone.One of the distinguishing features of Hakka phonology is that Middle Chinese voiced initials are transformed into Hakka voiceless aspirated initials.
Min 闽语/闽语:(c.68 million) spoken in Fujian,Taiwan,parts of Southeast Asia particularly in Malaysia,the Philippines,and Singapore,and amongst Overseas Chinese who trace their roots to Fujian and Taiwan.Min is the only group of Chinese dialects that cannot be directly derived from Middle Chinese.Due to its great internal disparity,Min can be divided into seven groups:Min Nan (which includes Hokkien,Teochew (Chaozhou),and Taiwanese),Min Dong,Min Bei,Min Zhong,Pu Xian,Qiong Wen,and Shao Jiang.
Cantonese (Yue) 粤语/粤语:(c.66 million) spoken in Guangdong Province,Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,Hong Kong SAR,Macao SAR,parts of Southeast Asia and by Overseas Chinese with an ancestry tracing back to the Guangdong region.Used by linguistics,"Cantonese" covers all the Yue dialects,such as Toishanese,though the term is also used to refer to just the Standard Cantonese of Guangzhou and Hong Kong.
Xiang 湘语/湘语:(c.36 million) spoken in Hunan Province.Xiang is usually divided into the "old" and "new" types,with the new type being significantly closer to Mandarin.
Gan 赣语/赣语:(c.21 million) spoken in Jiangxi province.In the past,it was viewed as closely related to Hakka dialects,because of the way Middle Chinese voiced initials have become voiceless aspirated initials,as in Hakka,and were hence called by the umbrella term "Hakka-Gan dialects".This grouping has,however,now become obsolete.