英语的基本的东西包括语法,句形,什么宾语从句,宾语之类的,还有什么是现在分词等时态

英语的基本的东西
包括语法,句形,什么宾语从句,宾语之类的,还有什么是现在分词等时态

（一）、及物动词与不及物动词
英语中按动词后可否直接跟宾语,可把动词分成及物动词与和及物动词.
1.及物动词： 字典里词后标有vt. 的就是及物动词.及物动词后必须跟有动作的对象（即宾语）,可直接跟宾语.see 看见 (vt.) +宾语 I can see a boy.
2.不及物动词：字典里词后标有vi. 的就是不及物动词.不及物动词后不能直接跟有动作的对象（即宾语）.若要跟宾语,必须先在其后添加上某个介词,如to,of ,at后方可跟上宾语.
具体每个动词后究竟加什么介词就得背动词短语了,如listen to,look at…..
3. 宾语（动作的对象）：是名词或代词,或相当于名词的词或短语（如动名词）.其它词不看作动作的对象呢.
4.举例：“看”
(1)see 看见 (vt.) +宾语 I can see a boy.
(2)look 看 (vi.) x宾语(即不能直接加宾语). Look! She is singing.
Look carefully! (注意：carefully 是副词,不是名词,故不作宾语哟)
(3)look at 看…….+宾语 Look at me carefully! (me是代词,作宾语了)
（二）、什么是反意疑问句
前面是肯定,后面就否定
前面是否定,后面就肯定
eg:
1.It is a find day,isn't it?
2.It isn't a find day,is it?
前面是肯定,后面就否定
前面是否定,后面就肯定
eg:
1.It is a find day,isn't it?
2.It isn't a find day,is it?
（三）初中英语八种时态归纳复习
l 时态是英语学习中一个至关重要的内容,广大初中学生在实际运用时,往往对时态总是倍感棘手,下面我们就归纳复习一下这几种时态.
一、 一般现在时：
l 概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况.
l 时间状语：
always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays,
l 基本结构：①be动词；②行为动词
l 否定形式：①am/is/are+not;②此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词,则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数,则用doesn't,同时还原行为动词.
l 一般疑问句：①把be动词放于句首；②用助动词do提问,如主语为第三人称单数,则用does,同时,还原行为动词.
二、 一般过去时：
l 概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为.
l 时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.
l 基本结构：①be动词；②行为动词
l 否定形式：①was/were+not;②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词.
l 一般疑问句：①was或were放于句首；②用助动词do的过去式did 提问,同时还原行为动词.
三、 现在进行时：
l 概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为.
l 时间状语：now, at this time, these days, etc.
l 基本结构：am/is/are+doing
l 否定形式：am/is/are+not+doing.
l 一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首.
四、 过去进行时：
l 概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作.
l 时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等.
l 基本结构：was/were+doing
l 否定形式：was/were + not + doing.
l 一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首.
五、 现在完成时：
l 概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态.
l 时间状语：recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years, etc.
l 基本结构：have/has + done
l 否定形式：have/has + not +d one.
l 一般疑问句：have或has.
六、 过去完成时：
l 概念：以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”.
l 时间状语：before, by the end of last year(term, month…),etc.
l 基本结构：had + done.
l 否定形式：had + not + done.
l 一般疑问句：had放于句首.
七、 一般将来时：
l 概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事.
l 时间状语：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.
l 基本结构：①am/is/are/going to + do；②will/shall + do.
l 否定形式：①was/were + not; ②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词.
l 一般疑问句：①be放于句首；②will/shall提到句首.
八、 过去将来时：
l 概念：立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中.
l 时间状语：the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc.
l 基本结构：①was/were/going to + do；②would/should + do.
l 否定形式：①was/were/not + going to + do;②would/should + not + do.
l 一般疑问句：①was或were放于句首；②would/should 提到句首.
l Ⅱ. 几种常见时态的相互转换
l 英语中的几种时态在一定情况下可以互相转换,以下是几种常见的转换形式：
一、 一般过去时与现在完成时的转换
n 在现在完成时中,延续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用,瞬间动词却不能.但是,可用别的表达方式：①瞬间动词用于“一段时间 + ago”的一般过去时的句型中；②瞬间动词可改成与之相对应的延续性动词及短语,与一段时间连用；③瞬间动词用于“It is + 一段时间 + since + 一般过去时”的句型中,表示“自从……以来有……时间”的意思,主句一般用it is来代替It has been;④瞬间动词用于“Some time has passed since + 一般过去时”的句型中.请看：
A. He joined the League two years ago.
B. He has been in the League for two years.
C. It is two years since he joined the League.
D. Two years has passed since he joined the League.
二、 一般现在时与现在进行时的转换
n 在一般现在时中,at加上名词表示“处于某种状态”,如at work（在工作）, at school（上学、上课）等.此短语可与进行时态转换.请看：
l Peter is at work, but Mike is at play.
l Peter is working, but Mike is playing.
三、 现在进行时与一般将来时的转换
n 在现在进行时态中go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词常与表示将来的时间状语连用表示将要发生的动作.如：I am coming, Mum! 意为“我就来,妈妈!”请看：
l The train is leaving soon.
l The train will leave soon.
l 四、“be going to+动词原形”与“will(shall)+动词原形”结构的转换
n “be going to+动词原形”、表示打算、计划要做的事；将来时“will(shall)+动词原形”结构在书面语中,当主语为第一人称时,常用助动词shall.在口语中,所有人称都可以用will.请看：
l We are going to visit the Great Wall next Sunday.
l We shall visit the Great Wall next Sunday.
l Ⅲ. 中考动词时态考点分析
一、 根据时间状语确定时态的原则
l 1. Hurry up! The play for ten minutes. (2002辽宁)
l A. has begun B. had begun C. has been on D. began
l [析] 1. C.since后接时间的起点,for后接时间段,主句动词用现在完成时,应注意瞬间动词与延续性动词的使用.
二、 在复合句根据时态呼应确定时态的原则
l 2. Do you know if back next week? If he back, please let me know. (2002黑龙江 )
l A. he comes; will come B. will he come; comes
l C. he will come; comes D. will he come; will come
n [析] 2. C.if既可引导宾语从句,也可引导状语从句.充当宾语从句的连接词时,相当于whether,词义是“是否”.充当状语从句的连接词时,词义是“如果”.从时态看,if引导宾语从句时谓语动词的时态应根据主句的时态作相应的变化；引导表示将来动作或状态的条件句时,若主句用一般将来时,则从句通常用一般现在时表示将来.
三、 根据上下文已有时态信息点确定时态的原则
l 3. –When this kind of computer ?
l --Last year. (2002天津)
l A. did; use B. was; used C. is; used D. are; used
l [析] 3. B.此例由下句的时间状语推断出一般过去时态,并且要考虑到被动语态.
四、 利用上下文语意确定时态的原则
l 4. –Hi! Lin Tao. I didn’t see you at the party.
l --Oh, I ready for the maths exam. (2002江西)
l A. am getting B. was getting C. got D. have got
l [析] 4. B.此例由didn’t, at the party推断出应用过去进行时.
五、 时态中的“特殊”对策的原则
l 5. The teacher told us yesterday that December 25 Christmas Day. (2002辽宁)
l A. is B. was C. has been D. will be
l [析] 5. A. 有些动词其动词的时态是“违背常理”的.如宾语从句表示的是一个客观事实或客观真理时,其时态不受主句限制而用一般现在时表示.
l Ⅳ. 中考实战题练兵
l Fill in the blanks with the right forms of the verb tense:
l 1. Mr Brown will go fishing if it (not rain) tomorrow. (2002徐州市)
l 2. I think he (be) back in a week. (2002南京市)
l 3. –Who (knock) at the door?
l --I don’t know. Let me go and see. (2002连云港市)
l 4. Bill is strict with himself. He never (leave) today’s work for tomorrow. (2002连云港市)
l 5. -- your uncle (return) the video tapes to Mr Fox?
l --No. They’re still in his bedroom. (2002南通市)
l 6. By the end of last term, they (work) there for ten years. (2002辽宁)
l 7. Mr. Wang (read) a newspaper in the office at this time yesterday. (2002上海市)
l 8. Mr. Green and his wife (live) in London for a few years before they
l (come) to work in China in 2001. (2002曲靖市)
l 9. They never knew what (happen) to the world in a hundred years. (2002南充)
l 10. About 400 years ago, Galileo(伽利略) proved that the earth (go) around the sun. (2002陕西)
（四）英语上的分词分为现在分词和过去分词.
现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于：现在分词表示"主动和进行",过去分词表示"被动和完成"(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动,只表示完成).分词可以有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑主语等.
1、 分词作状语分词在句子中作状语,可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等.
分词在句子中作状语,使用何种分词,要取决于分词与句子主语的关系：主谓关系用现在分词,动宾或被动关系用过去分词.
（1）现在分词The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking.
（2）过去分词Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station. Given better attention, the plants could grow better.
2、"while ( when, once, until, if , though等连词)＋分词"结构现在分词或过去分词作状语时,有时可以在分词前加while,when, once, although, until, if等连词.
When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us. While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work……
Once recovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it well.
Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam. If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.
3、分词作定语分词作定语时,单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前,分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面.现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系),过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系).
We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund.
This is really an exhausting day to all of us!
We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.
After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day.
More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries
4、分词作宾语补足语现在分词在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官动词和look at, listen to等短语动词以及have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语,作宾语补语的成分.
5、分词作表语分词作表语通常看作形容词来用.现在分词表示主语的性质,而且主语多为物；过去分词表示主语的感受或状态,主语多为人.
（五）五大基本句型
英文的句子按照主词、动词、受词补语来分类,可以分成五大基本句型. 分别是:
一、S+V（主语+谓语动词）
1. Snow falls. 下雪
2. The sun rises. 太阳升起
3. The moon rose slowly.
4. He spoke loudly.
二、S+V+C【Subject（主语）+Verb（动词）+Complement（补语）】
即：主语＋连系动词＋表语
1.He is the author. 他是作者 (名词作补语)
2.Spring is here. 春天到了 (副词作补语)
3. He is in the room. 他在房间里 (介词片语作补语)
4.To see is to believe. 眼见为凭 (不定词作补语)
5.The question is what to say. 问题是要说什麼 (名词片语作补语)
6. S+感官动词+SC
The candy tastes sweet. 这糖果尝起来很甜
The milk smells sour. 这牛奶闻起来酸酸的
It sounds great. 这听起来不错
She looks suprised. 她看起来很吃惊
I feel better. 我感
三、S+V+O（Subject主语+verb动词+object宾语）
1.I want to study Math. 我想要研读数学 (受词为不定词)
2 I love her. 我爱她(受词为名词)
3. She knows that he never tells the truth. 她知道他从未说过实话 (受词为名词子句)
4. I like fishing. 我喜欢钓鱼 (受词为动名词)
四、S+V+O+C（Subject主语+Verb动词+Object宾语+Complement补语）
1. We paid him $100. 我付他100元 ＝ We paid $100 to him.
2. I showed him my books. 我对他展示我的书＝I showed my books to him.
五、S+V+O+O（Subject主语+Verb动词+Object宾语+Object宾语）
这里的不完全及物动词主要有
感官动词: see hear watch feel
使役动词: make get ask let keep
其他如: call believe consider
1. We considered him a wise person. 我认为他是一个聪明的人
2. She made me mad. 她使我生气.
3. I saw him swim across the river. 我看见他游过河
另外还有一类也可归做本句型 (介系词片语作补语 as ..., in ...)
S Vt + as O OC
1. I regard it as impossible. 我认为这是不可能的
2. I regard him as a child. 我视他为小孩
（六）英文数词的用法与读法
1. 小数是用数字来表示的,小数点后无论有多少位数也不要在中间插入逗点,小数点读作 point,小数点后面的数字要一个一个地读出.如：
3.4 读作 three point four
0.8 读作 zero point eight 或 naught point eight
30.34 读作 thirty point three four.
Birth rate was up 2.5 times in those years.
那些年出生率上升了 2.5 倍.
小数 2.5 在句中作修饰语.
Our grain output will be 3.7 times that of 1960.
我们的粮食产量将是 1960年的 3.7 倍.
小数 3.7 在句中作修饰语.
2. 百分数用percent或per cent表示,即"%".
The price has been reduced by 20 percent （20%） since May.
自五月以来价格降低了百分之二十.
The number of visiting patients is 30%（30 percent） less than the same time last year.
就诊的患者人数较去年同期下降了百分之三十.
3. 比率的表示通常都用数字,有时亦可用文字.
The ratios of 1 to 3 and 5 to 15 are the same.
一比三和五比十五的比率是相同的.
You have a fifty to fifty chance to win the game.
你有五成的机会赢得比赛.
4. 日期及年份的表示法,如：
May 22（May the twenty-second或the twenty-second of May）,也可写作 May 22nd
July 15（July the fifteenth或the fifteenth of July）,也可写作 July 15th
August 1（August the first或the first of August）,也可写作 August 1st
1949 读作 nineteen forty-nine
1804 读作 eighteen o four
1700 读作 seventeen hundred
2000 读作 two thousand
685 B.C. 读作 six eighty-five B.C.（before Christ）
1960's（or 1960s） 读作 nineteen sixties.
5. 时刻的表示法,如：
7：00 读作 seven o'clock或seven
9：15 读作 nine fifteen或a quarter past nine或a quarter after nine
11：26 读作 eleven twenty-six或twenty-six past eleven或twenty-six after eleven
5：30 读作 five thirty或half past five或half after five
6. 以24小时为时制的表示法,如：
08：00 读作 eight o'clock in the morning或eight o'clock a.m.
12：00 读作 twelve o'clock或midday或noon
14：15 读作 fourteen fifteen或two fifteen p.m.
24：00 读作 twelve o'clock at night或midnight
7. 单位的表达法,如：
2×3 feet 读作 two feet by three feet
2×3×6 inches 读作 two inches by three inches by six inches.
This parcel weighs 3 pounds 5 ounces.
This parcel is 3 pounds 5 ounces in weight.
这件包裹重三磅五盎司.
I bought a 4 feet by 5 feet rug.
我购买了一块长五英呎宽四英呎的地毯.
The temperature dropped to -22℃（minus twenty-two degrees Centigrade）.
温度下降到摄氏零下二十二度.
His height is 178 cm.
He is 178 cm tall.
他的身高是一百七十八厘米.
The size of the box is six feet by four by three and two-thirds.
这个箱子的大小是长六英尺宽四英尺高三又三分之二英尺.
8. 一些数学表达式的读法,其中一些常见的符号如：
"＋" 读作 plus 或 and；
"－" 读作 minus或from；
"×" 读作 times或multiplied by；
"÷" 读作 divided by.
5＋8 ＝13
Five plus eight is thirteen.
五加八等于十三.
15－6 ＝9
Fifteen minus six is nine.
十五减六等于九.
4×5 ＝20
Four times five is twenty.
Four multiplied by five is twenty.
Four fives are twenty.
四乘以五等于二十.
8÷2 → 4
Eight divided by two is four.
Two in eight goes four.
八除以二等于四.
9. 电话号码、房间号、帐号、汽车牌号等按编号的顺序一个一个地读出,遇到 "0" 时读 oh,相连的两个相同的基数词可读作 double.
My office phone number is 268-8064 extension 321.
我的办公室电话是二六八八零**分机三二一.
268-8064 extension 321 读作 two six eight eight O six four extension three two one.
My account number is 38800685.
我的帐号是三八八零零六八五.
38800685 读作 three eight eight zero zero six eight five or three double eight double oh six eight five
10. 货币的读法,如：
$18.29 读作 eighteen dollars twenty-nine cents或eighteen twenty-nine
十八美元二十九美分.
$15 读作 fifteen dollars （even）
表示十五美元（整）.
C$268 读作 two hundred and sixty-eight Canadian dollars
表示二百六十八加拿大元.
JP￥10,000 读作 ten thousand Japanese Yen
表示一万日元.
11. 帝王第～世的读法,如：
William I 读作 William the First（威廉一世）
Elizabeth II 读作 Elizabeth the Second（伊利莎白二世）
12. 其他表达法,如：
World War II 读作 world war two 或 the second world war（第二次世界大战）
No.1 读作 number one（第一）
Lesson III 读作 lesson three（第三课）
Section I 读作 section one（第一节）
P.10 读作 page ten（第十页）