英语（请看补充说明）请各位英语好的前辈们请教告诉我一些英语中关于语法的专有名词,越多越好,再附上解释.(有例句再好不过了

英语（请看补充说明）
请各位英语好的前辈们请教
告诉我一些英语中关于语法的专有名词,越多越好,再附上解释.(有例句再好不过了）例如表语,什么叫表语.定语,什么叫定语,etc.越多越好

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Adjectives and Adverbs
Adjectives are used to modify nouns,e.g.The dog is loud.– What is the dog like?– loud
Adverbs are used to modify verbs,adjectives or other adverbs,e.g.The dog barks loudly.– How does the dog bark?– loudly
Adjective or Adverb
Adjectives are used to modify nouns:
The dog is loud.
Adverbs are used to modify verbs,adjectives or other adverbs:
The dog barks loudly.
Linking Verbs
Some verbs can only be used with adjectives,others might change their meaning when used with an adverb.
verb used with an adjective used with an adverb
look look good (= appearance) look well (= have a good sense of sight)
feel feel good (= state of health/mind) feel well (= have a good sense of touch)
smell smell good (= odour) smell well (= have a good sense of smell)
taste taste good (= preference) taste well (= have a good sense of taste)
The following verbs can only be used with adjectives:
be
become
get
grow
keep
remain
seem
sound
stay
turn
Form and Comparison of Adverbs
Adverbs are used to express how something is done (adjectives express how someone or something is).
Example:The dog sleeps quietly.The dog is absolutely quiet.
Form
In general:adjective + -ly
adjective adverb
slow slowly
Exceptions in spelling
exception example
silent e is dropped in true,due,whole true → truly
y becomes i happy → happily
le after a consonant is dropped sensible → sensibly
after ll only add y full → fully
Adjectives ending in -ic:adjective + -ally (exception:public-publicly)
adjective adverb
fantastic fantastically
Adjectives ending in -ly:use ‘in a … way / manner’ or another adverb with similar meaning
adjective adverb
friendly in a friendly way
in a friendly manner
likely probably
Exceptions
adjective adverb (meaning) adverb (meaning)
good well
difficult with difficulty
public publicly
deep deep (place) deeply (feeling)
direct direct directly (=soon)
hard hard hardly (=seldom)
high high (place) highly (figurative)
late late lately (=recently)
most most mostly (=usually)
near near nearly (=almost)
pretty pretty (=rather) prettily
short short shortly (=soon)
The following adjectives are also used as adverbs (without modification):daily,enough,early,far,fast,hourly,little,long,low,monthly,much,straight,weekly,yearly,…
Comparison of Adjectives
Exercise on Positive Form and Comparison of Adjectives
Positive Form
Use the positive form of the adjective if the comparison contains one of the following expressions:
as … as
Example:Jane is as tall as John.
not as … as / not so … as
Example:John is not as tall as Arnie.
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (-er/-est)
one-syllable adjectives (clean,new,cheap)
two-syllable adjectives ending in -y or -er (easy,happy,pretty,dirty,clever)
positive form comparative form superlative form
clean cleaner (the) cleanest
Exceptions in spelling when adding -er / -est
silent ‘e’ is dropped
Example:late-later-latest
final ‘y’ after a consonant becomes i
Example:easy-easier-easiest
final consonant after short,stressed vowel is doubled
Example:hot-hotter-hottest
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (more/most)
adjectives of three or more syllables (and two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y/-er)
positive form comparative form superlative form
difficult more difficult most difficult
Comparative Form and Superlative Form (irregular comparisons)
positive form comparative form superlative form
good better best
bad / ill worse worst
little (amount) less least
little (size) smaller smallest
much / many more most
far (place + time) further furthest
far (place) farther farthest
late (time) later latest
late (order) latter last
near (place) nearer nearest
near (order) - next
old (people and things) older oldest
old (people) elder eldest