大师作文网用英语介绍中国与美国的有哪些相同与不同
来源：学生作业帮 编辑：大师作文网作业帮 分类：英语作业 时间：2024/09/20 23:17:59
用英语介绍中国与美国的有哪些相同与不同
我从思维方式这方面给的英文哦~
中文如下：
中国传统的思维模式,最有特色的是整体思维、直观思维、类比思维、辨证思维.
一、整体思维
所谓整体思维,是指把天地、人、社会看做密切贯通的整体,认为天地人我,人身人心都处在一个整体系统中,各系统要素之间存在着互相依存的联系.
古人在这方面有许多典型的言论,例如儒家的孟子说：“夫君子所过者化,所存者神,上下与天地同流,岂曰小补之哉?”（《孟子·尽心上》）道家的庄子说：“天地与我并生,而万物与我为一.” （《庄子·齐物论》）我们把“上下与天地同流”跟“万物与我为一”联系起来看子可以知道无论是先秦的儒家还是道家,都是把人与天地万物看做是一个整体系统的.由此我们可以明白先秦典籍中大量出现的“一”的含义.例如《易·系辞传下》说：“天下之物,贞乎一者也.”老子说“圣人抱一以为天下式”从根本上看,“一”都是讲整体、系统及其贯通的.
华夏民族在《易经》时代形成了由“天——地——人”组成和谐整体的宇宙观念.《易经》以阳爻和阴爻构成的六十四卦,象征天地万物及其变化,表明天地和同,万物化生,人与天地分而相合.
在整体思维上,汉代使阴阳学说和五行学说得以完善,对阴阳的对立统一关系,阴阳相互调节维持整体平衡的功能,都作了充分的说明.到宋代,理学的开创者周敦颐著《太极图说》,上篇讲天地,下篇论人,认为天地系统的秩序结构,就是人的行为道德的规范,人的思想、行为与天地秩序相合,才能真正实现“天——地——人”宇宙大系统的和谐统一.宋代把古代中国整体系统的思维推向前所未有的高度,探索宇宙的本体和深层的内在联系；注重从直观体验、心性、精神去接近天理.
二、直观思维
所谓直观思维,是指在已往经验知识积累的基础上突发地把握事物本质,以及基于这种能力而产生的思维方式.古代整体思维认为,对于宇宙本体,对于“天——地——人”的系统,仅仅依靠语言、概念、逻辑推理去认知是无法穷尽其奥义的,必须凭借对于“象”的直觉、顿悟去把握.《周易.系辞传上》说：“子曰：书不尽言,言不尽意.然则圣人之意其不可见乎?子曰：圣人立象以尽意.”显然,“立象”包括了对于“观象”、“体悟”的过程与结果的表述.
儒家、道家都主张以直观为基础去领悟、把握宇宙、人生.庄子的“乘物以游心”“游心于物之初” 都是讲直观、体悟一切存在的根源与自然运行的规律.宋代张载的“大其心则能体天下之物”,朱熹的“众物之表里精粗无不到,吾心之全体大用无不明”,陆九渊的“吾心”与“宇宙”相冥契,则是强调用身心体验宇宙终极的实在.
直觉思维方法的基本特征之一,是非逻辑性.在现代科学研究中,逻辑证明和实验的方法都表现了一定的局限.许多科学家认为,唯一的道路就是直觉地把握整体,并且洞察到正确的东西.而中国传统的直觉思维,经过科学改造后也能适合现代科学的需要.如在量子力学中有不确定原理、引进了概率的概念,西方人很难掌握,而东方人极易接受,这不能不说与东方思维方式有关.同时,这在一定程度上也说明了中国传统直觉思维的合理性.
三、类比思维
类比思维是从“天、地、人”系统整体思维衍生出来的,是指由两个对象内部属性关系的某些方面相似,而推出它们在其他方面可能相似的推理方法.
古代汉民族很早就发现天地万物、人事习俗存在着类别,当两类事物之间的不同性和相似性都被认识得很清楚时,类比思维就会变得更加富有成果.中国人自古以来就很擅长的一个领域,表现类比的最古形式就是比喻,常常用以发现说明世界的真理.例如庄子主要依靠比喻和类比来论证哲学问题.如《齐物论》通过狙公赋芧、罔两问影、庄周梦蝶等比喻,来论证对任何事物的认识本无确定不变的是非标准,一切是非之争,都是对道的全面性的歪曲和割裂,反对认识的片面性.《逍遥游》借用大鹏和小鸠,大椿和朝菌的比喻,说明任何事物都不能超越自己本性和客观环境,主张各任其性,逍遥自在.《秋水》篇借河伯与海若的对话说明万物的大小、贵贱、生死、是非都是相对的.
Chinese traditional thinking mode, the most distinctive is the overall thinking, intuitive thinking, analogy thinking, dialectical thinking.
One, the overall thinking
The so-called overall thinking, it is to point to the heaven and earth, human beings and society as closely connected whole, think, therefore I heart all at a personal whole system, the system elements exist between the interdependent contact.
The ancients in this respect has many typical speech, such as Confucian mencius said: "the person that pass by the Cardiff gentleman, who have saved god, and the earth with flow up and down, or yue small patch of zai?" (" mencius, on ") with Taoist chuang tzu said: "world and I and live, and everything and I for one." (zhuangzi all things theory ", the "we," and the earth with flow up and down with "everything for a" with my son can know linked to see whether the pre-qin Confucian or Taoist, all is the people and the universe as a whole system. From the above we can see a large presence in the pre-qin classics of the meaning of "one". For example, "yi XiCi preach under" say: "all things, darling." the brahmachari Lao tze said "saints to cling to one thought the world type" fundamentally, "a" is all speak whole, system and its breakthrough.
Huaxia nation in yijing era formed by "days - -" the harmonious whole universe of concept. The I ching to Yao and Yin Yang Yao constitute sixty-four hexagrams changes and the universe, the symbol of heaven and earth, with all that, with heaven and earth, im divide and consistent.
In the overall thinking, han dynasty of Yin and Yang, and the theory of the five elements that may be perfect, for unity of opposites relations, Yin and Yang mutual adjust the function of maintaining the overall balance, make the full explanation. Neo-confucianism in the song dynasty, the springboard to the "taiji diagram of zhou, the first speak and say, man, think about the next world system, is human's order structure behavior ethics, people's thought and behavior and world order photograph, can we truly achieve the" days - - "the big system in harmony. The whole system of ancient China dynasty of thinking to unprecedented levels, exploration of the universe ontology and deep inner contact; Attention from visual experience, human nature, the spirit to close to justice.
Second, intuitive thinking
The so-called intuitive thinking, it is to point to in the past; on the basis of empirical knowledge accumulation to grasp the essence, sudden and based on the ability and produce ways of thinking. Ancient overall thought that universe, to "for days -- -" system, solely rely on language, concept, logical reasoning to cognitive is unable to end the upanishads, must undertake for "elephant" intuition, insight to grasp. The book. XiCi posted on the daily said: "Confucius said: JinYan, YanBuJinYi book doesn't. But saint meaning its invisible? Confucius said: sage who made an elephant with meaning." Obviously, "legislation as" includes for "view like" and "dao" expression of the process and result.
Confucian, Taoist have advocated a more intuitive to learn and grasp based universe, life. Zhuang zi's "take things to swim heart" "swim at the beginning of the heart with the thing is speak intuitive," the root of all beings dao with natural operation rule. The song dynasty's "big zhangzai whose heart is able to body thing" of the world, zhu xi's "the exterior-interior relationship of content, we all pure crude to the old heart without unknown," LiuJiuYuan "my heart," and the "universe" photograph union is emphasized, supported by physical and mental experience the reality of cosmic ultimate.
Intuition thinking method, it is one of the characteristics of logic. In the modern scientific research, logical proof and experimental methods are showed certain limitations. Many scientists think, the only way is to grasp as a whole, and intuition insight into what is right. And the traditional Chinese intuition thinking with scientific, after the transformation can also suitable for the need of modern science. As in quantum mechanics have uncertainty principle, introduced the concept of probability, westerners difficult to master, and Oriental, this chapter easily accept with Oriental way of thinking about. Meanwhile, the extent of Chinese traditional also explains the rationality of intuition thinking.
Three, analogy thinking
Analogy thinking from "heaven, earth and man" system overall thought derivatives, it is to point to by two objects internal attribute relationship, and some aspects of similar introduced them in other respects may similar reasoning methods.
The ancient han ethnic found early universe, personnel custom exist when two things category, between same-sex and similarity were know very clearly, analogy thinking will become more productive. Chinese is very good at since ancient times a domain, the most ancient form performance analogy is that metaphor, often used to find the truth of the world. For example zhuangzi rely mainly on the parable and analogy to demonstrate philosophical questions. Such as the theory of "all things by police Xu, two male fu thought ZhuangZhouMengDie shadow, ask for such parables, to demonstrate any thing understanding this definite unchanged nonstandard, everything is struggle for ways, are misrepresentation and comprehensive understanding of unilateralism, against separated. "Xiaoyao you borrow dapeng and small jiu, big and towards the parable of changchun bacteria that nothing can't surpass our nature and the objective environment, advocate the sex, each as free and unfettered. The book of autumn and the borrow river "if the size of the dialogue, the distinction that all things up, and, life and death is relative.
呵呵,希望帮助到你哦~
中文如下：
中国传统的思维模式,最有特色的是整体思维、直观思维、类比思维、辨证思维.
一、整体思维
所谓整体思维,是指把天地、人、社会看做密切贯通的整体,认为天地人我,人身人心都处在一个整体系统中,各系统要素之间存在着互相依存的联系.
古人在这方面有许多典型的言论,例如儒家的孟子说：“夫君子所过者化,所存者神,上下与天地同流,岂曰小补之哉?”（《孟子·尽心上》）道家的庄子说：“天地与我并生,而万物与我为一.” （《庄子·齐物论》）我们把“上下与天地同流”跟“万物与我为一”联系起来看子可以知道无论是先秦的儒家还是道家,都是把人与天地万物看做是一个整体系统的.由此我们可以明白先秦典籍中大量出现的“一”的含义.例如《易·系辞传下》说：“天下之物,贞乎一者也.”老子说“圣人抱一以为天下式”从根本上看,“一”都是讲整体、系统及其贯通的.
华夏民族在《易经》时代形成了由“天——地——人”组成和谐整体的宇宙观念.《易经》以阳爻和阴爻构成的六十四卦,象征天地万物及其变化,表明天地和同,万物化生,人与天地分而相合.
在整体思维上,汉代使阴阳学说和五行学说得以完善,对阴阳的对立统一关系,阴阳相互调节维持整体平衡的功能,都作了充分的说明.到宋代,理学的开创者周敦颐著《太极图说》,上篇讲天地,下篇论人,认为天地系统的秩序结构,就是人的行为道德的规范,人的思想、行为与天地秩序相合,才能真正实现“天——地——人”宇宙大系统的和谐统一.宋代把古代中国整体系统的思维推向前所未有的高度,探索宇宙的本体和深层的内在联系；注重从直观体验、心性、精神去接近天理.
二、直观思维
所谓直观思维,是指在已往经验知识积累的基础上突发地把握事物本质,以及基于这种能力而产生的思维方式.古代整体思维认为,对于宇宙本体,对于“天——地——人”的系统,仅仅依靠语言、概念、逻辑推理去认知是无法穷尽其奥义的,必须凭借对于“象”的直觉、顿悟去把握.《周易.系辞传上》说：“子曰：书不尽言,言不尽意.然则圣人之意其不可见乎?子曰：圣人立象以尽意.”显然,“立象”包括了对于“观象”、“体悟”的过程与结果的表述.
儒家、道家都主张以直观为基础去领悟、把握宇宙、人生.庄子的“乘物以游心”“游心于物之初” 都是讲直观、体悟一切存在的根源与自然运行的规律.宋代张载的“大其心则能体天下之物”,朱熹的“众物之表里精粗无不到,吾心之全体大用无不明”,陆九渊的“吾心”与“宇宙”相冥契,则是强调用身心体验宇宙终极的实在.
直觉思维方法的基本特征之一,是非逻辑性.在现代科学研究中,逻辑证明和实验的方法都表现了一定的局限.许多科学家认为,唯一的道路就是直觉地把握整体,并且洞察到正确的东西.而中国传统的直觉思维,经过科学改造后也能适合现代科学的需要.如在量子力学中有不确定原理、引进了概率的概念,西方人很难掌握,而东方人极易接受,这不能不说与东方思维方式有关.同时,这在一定程度上也说明了中国传统直觉思维的合理性.
三、类比思维
类比思维是从“天、地、人”系统整体思维衍生出来的,是指由两个对象内部属性关系的某些方面相似,而推出它们在其他方面可能相似的推理方法.
古代汉民族很早就发现天地万物、人事习俗存在着类别,当两类事物之间的不同性和相似性都被认识得很清楚时,类比思维就会变得更加富有成果.中国人自古以来就很擅长的一个领域,表现类比的最古形式就是比喻,常常用以发现说明世界的真理.例如庄子主要依靠比喻和类比来论证哲学问题.如《齐物论》通过狙公赋芧、罔两问影、庄周梦蝶等比喻,来论证对任何事物的认识本无确定不变的是非标准,一切是非之争,都是对道的全面性的歪曲和割裂,反对认识的片面性.《逍遥游》借用大鹏和小鸠,大椿和朝菌的比喻,说明任何事物都不能超越自己本性和客观环境,主张各任其性,逍遥自在.《秋水》篇借河伯与海若的对话说明万物的大小、贵贱、生死、是非都是相对的.
Chinese traditional thinking mode, the most distinctive is the overall thinking, intuitive thinking, analogy thinking, dialectical thinking.
One, the overall thinking
The so-called overall thinking, it is to point to the heaven and earth, human beings and society as closely connected whole, think, therefore I heart all at a personal whole system, the system elements exist between the interdependent contact.
The ancients in this respect has many typical speech, such as Confucian mencius said: "the person that pass by the Cardiff gentleman, who have saved god, and the earth with flow up and down, or yue small patch of zai?" (" mencius, on ") with Taoist chuang tzu said: "world and I and live, and everything and I for one." (zhuangzi all things theory ", the "we," and the earth with flow up and down with "everything for a" with my son can know linked to see whether the pre-qin Confucian or Taoist, all is the people and the universe as a whole system. From the above we can see a large presence in the pre-qin classics of the meaning of "one". For example, "yi XiCi preach under" say: "all things, darling." the brahmachari Lao tze said "saints to cling to one thought the world type" fundamentally, "a" is all speak whole, system and its breakthrough.
Huaxia nation in yijing era formed by "days - -" the harmonious whole universe of concept. The I ching to Yao and Yin Yang Yao constitute sixty-four hexagrams changes and the universe, the symbol of heaven and earth, with all that, with heaven and earth, im divide and consistent.
In the overall thinking, han dynasty of Yin and Yang, and the theory of the five elements that may be perfect, for unity of opposites relations, Yin and Yang mutual adjust the function of maintaining the overall balance, make the full explanation. Neo-confucianism in the song dynasty, the springboard to the "taiji diagram of zhou, the first speak and say, man, think about the next world system, is human's order structure behavior ethics, people's thought and behavior and world order photograph, can we truly achieve the" days - - "the big system in harmony. The whole system of ancient China dynasty of thinking to unprecedented levels, exploration of the universe ontology and deep inner contact; Attention from visual experience, human nature, the spirit to close to justice.
Second, intuitive thinking
The so-called intuitive thinking, it is to point to in the past; on the basis of empirical knowledge accumulation to grasp the essence, sudden and based on the ability and produce ways of thinking. Ancient overall thought that universe, to "for days -- -" system, solely rely on language, concept, logical reasoning to cognitive is unable to end the upanishads, must undertake for "elephant" intuition, insight to grasp. The book. XiCi posted on the daily said: "Confucius said: JinYan, YanBuJinYi book doesn't. But saint meaning its invisible? Confucius said: sage who made an elephant with meaning." Obviously, "legislation as" includes for "view like" and "dao" expression of the process and result.
Confucian, Taoist have advocated a more intuitive to learn and grasp based universe, life. Zhuang zi's "take things to swim heart" "swim at the beginning of the heart with the thing is speak intuitive," the root of all beings dao with natural operation rule. The song dynasty's "big zhangzai whose heart is able to body thing" of the world, zhu xi's "the exterior-interior relationship of content, we all pure crude to the old heart without unknown," LiuJiuYuan "my heart," and the "universe" photograph union is emphasized, supported by physical and mental experience the reality of cosmic ultimate.
Intuition thinking method, it is one of the characteristics of logic. In the modern scientific research, logical proof and experimental methods are showed certain limitations. Many scientists think, the only way is to grasp as a whole, and intuition insight into what is right. And the traditional Chinese intuition thinking with scientific, after the transformation can also suitable for the need of modern science. As in quantum mechanics have uncertainty principle, introduced the concept of probability, westerners difficult to master, and Oriental, this chapter easily accept with Oriental way of thinking about. Meanwhile, the extent of Chinese traditional also explains the rationality of intuition thinking.
Three, analogy thinking
Analogy thinking from "heaven, earth and man" system overall thought derivatives, it is to point to by two objects internal attribute relationship, and some aspects of similar introduced them in other respects may similar reasoning methods.
The ancient han ethnic found early universe, personnel custom exist when two things category, between same-sex and similarity were know very clearly, analogy thinking will become more productive. Chinese is very good at since ancient times a domain, the most ancient form performance analogy is that metaphor, often used to find the truth of the world. For example zhuangzi rely mainly on the parable and analogy to demonstrate philosophical questions. Such as the theory of "all things by police Xu, two male fu thought ZhuangZhouMengDie shadow, ask for such parables, to demonstrate any thing understanding this definite unchanged nonstandard, everything is struggle for ways, are misrepresentation and comprehensive understanding of unilateralism, against separated. "Xiaoyao you borrow dapeng and small jiu, big and towards the parable of changchun bacteria that nothing can't surpass our nature and the objective environment, advocate the sex, each as free and unfettered. The book of autumn and the borrow river "if the size of the dialogue, the distinction that all things up, and, life and death is relative.
呵呵,希望帮助到你哦~