英语翻译Appeal,cassation,amparo and all that :what and why?Intro

英语翻译
Appeal,cassation,amparo and all that :what and why?
Introduction
Generally speaking ,the law governing recourse against judicial decisions recognises two categories of procedure,and the distinction between them is reflected by the use of two different words:appeal,cassation;appello,cassazione;apelacion,casacion(or amparo-casacion);Berufung,Revision.No such pairing exists,however,in English ,which has only ‘appeal’.
This does not mean that procedures which would be classified elsewhere as cassation rather than appeal did not and do not exist in the common law.On the contrary ,until the major reforms of the nineteenth century,an appeal properly so-called existed in England only in the courts of Equity; in the courts of ‘common law’ the only forms of recourse available had far more in common with the cassation than with the appeal of other countries.What is more ,while England itself substituted for those forms of recourse a procedure of appeal in the nineteenth century ,reserving a procedure analogous to cassation for limited class of case including ,most importantly,recourse against the decisions of administrative authorities or tribunals ,in the United States of America the older English forms of recourse-including what is actually now called an ‘appeal’to a ‘Court of Appeals’-have been developed rather than replaced:for the purposes of this chapter ,therefore ,the American appeal is treated as a form of cassation rather than of appeal.
In principle,and as established in practice in the legislation of post-Revolutionary France,which provided the model for so many of the legal systems whose language contain both appeal and cassation ,the distinction of kind between the two is clear.On appeal the litigation as a whole –or so much of it as is the subject of the appeal –devolves upon the appellate jurisdiction whose function it is to consider afresh the questions at issue between the parties ,whether of fact or law or both.Its business is to decide for itself ,as a court of second instance ,and its decision replaces the first instance decision for all purposes.An appellate jurisdiction should not ,in principle ,deal with questions not dealt with at first instance ,for otherwise it would not act as an appellate court but as a court of first instance,but it is not bound to have regard only to the legal arguments and to the evidence or proofs that were available at first instance .New demands may be excluded on appeal ,but new proofs are not.

诉愿,毁弃,amparo 和所有的那 :什么和为什么?
介绍
一般来说,统治对抗司法的决定依赖的法律承认程序的二个种类,和区别在他们之间被二个不同的字的使用反映:诉愿,毁弃;appello,cassazione;apelacion,casacion(或 amparo-casacion);Berufung ,校订.在英国语,没有如此的成对存在,然而 ,只有 '诉愿'.
这不意指会是机密的其他地方的程序当毁弃并非诉愿不而且不在通常的法律存在.在相反者身上 ,直到十九世纪的主要改革,一个诉愿适当所谓在英国存在了只有在公正的法院; 在 '通常的法律' 的法院可得的唯一形式的依赖和毁弃一样多有了超过由于其他国家的诉愿.更多是什么 ,当英国本身在十九世纪中为依赖的那些表格替换了一个诉愿的程序时候 ,保留为最重要地包括对抗管理主管当局的决定的依赖或者法官席的情形的有限制班级就像是毁弃的一个程序 ,在美国的美国依赖的较年长的英文表格-包括什么现在实际上被称为 'appeal'to 一 ' 诉愿法院的-已经被发展而不愿代替了:为了这一个章节,因此,美国诉愿被当做一种毁弃的形式不愿诉愿.
大体而言 ,而且如后革命的法国的立法的练习所建立,提供模型给语言包含诉愿和毁弃的大多数的合法系统 ,类型的区别在那之间二很清楚.在整体而言恳求诉讼之上 -或者大多数的它当做是诉愿的主题 -在控诉的司法权之上让波它将在宴会之间在议题重新考虑疑问功能 ,是否事实或法律或两者.它的生意将为自己决定 ,如第二个例证的法院,而且它的判决为所有的目的代替第一个例证判决.控诉的司法权不应该,大体而言,处理没被处理起先例证的疑问 ,因为否则它不行动如控诉的法院但是一个初审庭,但是只对合法的争论和证据或者起先是可得的例证的证明有关心是不约束的.新的要求可能在诉愿上被排除,但是新的证明不是.