英语翻译广汉市三星堆遗址是古代蜀国的都城之一,70多年来,那里一直是考古工作者探索古蜀文化的重要目标.1986年7～9月

英语翻译
广汉市三星堆遗址是古代蜀国的都城之一,70多年来,那里一直是考古工作者探索古蜀文化的重要目标.1986年7～9月两个商代大型祭祀坑的发现,两坑上千件蜀国珍贵文物面世,顿时轰动中国,震惊了世界.据学者研究,两个大型祭祀坑内的文物,大部分都是古蜀国王室的宗庙重器,可能是遭遇改朝换代,新王朝将前代王室的宗庙重器全部焚毁,在举行祭祀仪式后而埋入坑中的.
在三星堆祭祀坑出土的上千件青铜器、金器、玉石器中,最具特色的首推三四百件青铜器.其中,一号坑出土青铜器的种类有人头像、人面像、人面具、跪坐人像、龙形饰、龙柱形器、虎形器、戈、环、戚形方孔璧、龙虎尊、羊尊、瓿、器盖、盘等.二号坑出土的青铜器有大型青铜立人像、跪坐人像、人头像、人面具、兽面具、兽面、神坛、神树、太阳形器、眼形器、眼泡、铜铃、铜挂饰、铜戈、铜戚形方孔璧、鸟、蛇、鸡、怪兽、水牛头、鹿、鲶鱼等.
器形高大、造型生动、结构复杂是三星堆青铜器重要特点.二号祭祀坑中出土的立人像高达2.62米,重180多公斤,人像头戴兽面形高冠,身着衣服三层,最外层衣服近似“燕尾服”,两臂平抬,两手呈持物献祭状（图31）.这样高大的青铜铸像在商代青铜文明中是独一无二的.同坑出土的大型兽面具宽138厘米,重80多公斤,造型极度夸张,方形的脸看起来似人非人,似兽非兽,角尺形的大耳高耸,长长的眼球向外凸出,其面容十分狰狞、怪诞,可谓青铜艺术中的极品.青铜神树高384厘米,树上九枝,枝上立鸟栖息,枝下硕果勾垂,树杆旁有一龙援树而下,十分生动、神秘,它把有关古代扶桑神话形象具体地反映出来了.
三星堆青铜器以大量的人物、禽、兽、虫蛇、植物造型为其特征.青铜的人头像、人面像和人面具代表被祭祀的祖先神灵；青铜的立人像和跪坐人像则代表祭祀祈祷者和主持祭祀的人；眼睛向前凸出的青铜兽面具和扁平的青铜兽面等可能是蜀人崇拜的自然神只；以仿植物为造型特点的青铜神树,则反映了蜀人植物崇拜的宗教意识.以祖先崇拜和动、植物等自然神灵崇拜为主体的宗教观念,这是早期蜀人最主要的精神世界.
两坑出土的这些青铜器,除青铜容器具有中原殷商文化和长江中游地区的青铜文化风格外,其余的器物种类和造型都具有极为强烈的本地特征,它们的出土,首次向世人展示商代中晚期蜀国青铜文明的高度发达和独具一格的面貌.
值得注意的是：在三星堆出土文物中,表现人“眼睛”的文物不仅数量众多,而且这些文物本身珍贵、奇特,如一件大面具,眼球极度夸张,瞳孔部分呈圆柱状向前突出,长达16.5厘米.又如此件突目铜面具,双目突出的圆柱长9厘米.此外,还有数十对“眼形铜饰件”,包括菱形、勾云形、圆泡形等十多种形式,周边均有榫孔,可以组装或单独悬挂、举奉,表现了对眼睛特有的重视.
古蜀人为什么如此重视刻画眼睛?铜面具眼睛瞳孔部分为什么要作圆柱状呢?原来,这与古蜀人崇拜祖先有关.前面提到,《华阳国志》记载：“蜀侯蚕丛,其目纵,始称王”,其墓葬称为“纵目人冢”.据学者研究,所谓“纵目”,即是指这种铜面具眼睛上凸起的圆柱,三星堆出土的突目铜面具等,正是古代蜀王蚕丛的神像.
据史书记载,蜀王蚕丛原来居住于四川西北岷山上游的汶山郡.而这一地方“有碱石,煎之得盐.土地刚卤,不宜五谷.”直到近代,此地仍是严重缺碘、甲亢病流行的地区.我们知道,甲亢病患者的一个重要特征,就是眼睛凸出.因此,蜀王蚕丛很可能是一个严重的甲亢病患者,生前眼睛格外凸出.而他的后人在塑造蚕丛神像时,抓住了这一特点并进一步“神化”,这就是蜀王蚕丛神像被刻画成“纵目”的原因.
随着现代商业的发达,三星堆博物馆附近的仿真工艺美术品应有尽有.

Guanghan City Sanxingdui ruins of ancient Shu is one of the capital, 70 years, where archaeologists have been exploring the ancient Shu culture important goals. 1986 7 ~ September two large burial pits of the Shang Dynasty found that two pit thousands of precious relics available Shu, China became a sensation, shocking the world. According to scholars, the two large sacrificial pits of artifacts, most of them are ancient Shu King room Jongmyo weighing equipment, the change may be encountered, the new dynasty of the former royal temple on behalf of all weighing equipment burned in the sacrificial ceremony was held after the buried into the pit.
In Sanxingdui burial pits unearthed thousands of bronze, gold ornaments, jade, the most the most important characteristics of the three or four hundred pieces of bronze. Among them, the One pit was excavated from the type of bronze portrait, face like a human mask,跪坐portraits, the dragon-shaped ornaments, Liuzhou cylindrical, and a tiger-shaped, and Ge, Wan, Qi-shaped side孔璧, Longhu respect, sheep statue, complete, cover, disk and so on. On the 2nd hole excavated by a large-scale bronze legislation Bronze Portrait, Portrait跪坐, human head, human masks, animal masks,兽面, altars, sacred tree, the sun-shaped device, eye shape, and眼泡, bells, copper ornaments Cu Ge, copper Qi-shaped side孔璧, birds, snakes, chickens, monster, water Tau, deer, catfish, etc..
The shape of tall, form a vivid, complex structure is an important feature of Sanxingdui bronzes. Sacrificial pit excavated on the 2nd Legislative Portrait of up to 2.62 meters, 180 kilograms兽面Portrait wearing GAO Guan-shaped, dressed in clothes three, the most outer layer of clothing similar to "coat" ping lift arms, two hands were holding objects sacrifice-shaped (Figure 31). This tall bronze in the Shang Dynasty bronze civilization is unique. Excavated a large pit with animal mask 138 centimeters wide and weighing more than eighty kilograms, shape of extreme exaggeration, a square face look people seem inhuman, it seems beast beast, Square-shaped high-rise big ears, long eyeball protruding outward, and its face very hideous, grotesque, bronze is the best art.Bronze God tree height 384 centimeters, nine trees, bird habitats Legislative branches, sticks down under the hook fruit, stem next to one Liuzhou assistance under the tree, very vivid, mysterious, on which the image of the ancient myth Fusang specifically reflected a.
Sanxingdui bronzes to a large number of figures, birds, wild animals,虫蛇, plant to its characteristic shape. Bronze heads, like face masks and human sacrifices on behalf of the ancestors of the gods; bronze portrait and the legislature on behalf of Portrait跪坐prayer ritual and presided over the worship of the people; eyes protruding forward bronze animal masks and flat bronze Shu People兽面such as may be the natural worship of God only; to imitation plants for modeling the characteristics of bronze sacred tree, then a reflection of the religious worship of Shu People plant consciousness. To ancestor worship and the animals, plants and other natural gods worship as the main body of religious ideas, this is the most important of the spiritual world of the early Shu People.
These two pits excavated bronzes, with the exception of the Shang bronze vessel with the Central Plains culture and middle reaches of Yangtze River region style bronze culture, the other types and shapes of objects have a very strong local characteristics, they unearthed the first time, show the world the Shang Dynasty middle and late Bronze Shu highly developed civilization and a unique look.
It is worth noting: In Sanxingdui archaeological finds, the performance were "eyes" not only the large number of relics, and these precious cultural relics in itself, unusual, such as a big mask, eyeball extremely exaggerated pupil呈圆cylindrical forward part of prominent, up to 16.5 centimeters. Also this piece of copper sudden head mask, eyes prominent cylindrical 9 centimeters long. In addition, there are dozens of "eye-shaped copper ornaments", including the diamond-shaped, hook-shaped cloud, round ten in various forms, such as bubble-shaped, surrounding both mortise holes, can be assembled or separate hoisted, Bong-ju, showing the eye-specific attention.
ancient Shu people worship their ancestors. Mentioned earlier, "Huayangosaurus Guozhi" records: "Shu Hou Cong silkworm, the head vertical, before crown", its tombs known as the "纵目mass graves." According to scholars, the so-called "纵目", which means that copper mask of the cylindrical protruding eyes, sudden head Sanxingdui unearthed copper masks and so on, is the ancient statues of蜀王silkworm Cong.
According to historical records, the original蜀王silkworm Cong Minshan living in the upper reaches of the northwest Sichuan Munsan County. This place "there is alkali stone, of a salt pan-fried. Land just brine, not grains." Until modern times, this place still is a serious iodine deficiency, hyperthyroidism disease endemic areas.We know that hyperthyroidism in patients with an important feature is the protruding eye. Therefore, silkworm蜀王plexus is likely to be a serious hyperthyroidism patients, particularly his eyes bulge. And his descendants in silkworm Cong shaped statues, the grasp of the characteristics and further "deification", which is蜀王silkworm Cong statue was portrayed as "纵目" reasons
With the advances in modern business, Sanxingdui Museum of simulation arts and crafts near everything.
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