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什么是英语虚拟语气? 构成是什么?帮一下忙,谢谢!

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什么是英语虚拟语气? 构成是什么?帮一下忙,谢谢!
越详细越好 谢谢
什么是英语虚拟语气? 构成是什么?帮一下忙,谢谢!
虚拟语气的几点特殊用法
虚拟语气的几点特殊用法
1、在错综条件句子中,虚拟条件从句和主句动作发生的时间不一致,因此,主句和从句的谓语动词应根据所指的时间选用适当的虚拟语气形式.
例如: 1)If I were you,I wouldn\'t have missed the film last night.如果我是你,我就不会错过昨天晚上的那部电影.(从句与现在事实相反,主句与过去事实相反.)
2)If he had followed the doctor\'s advice,he would recover already.如果他遵照医生的劝告,现在病就好了.(从句与过去事实相反,主句与现在事实相反.)
2、在if虚拟条件句中,有时可把连词省去,采用倒装语序把谓语动词were或助动词did,had,should 移到句首构成非真实条件从句的另一种句型,其意思不变.
例如: 1)Had we time to spare,we would be glad to go to the park.如果能抽出时间,我们很乐意逛公园.
2)Were it not for the discovery of electricity,the modern world would experience great inconveniece.假如没有发现电,现代世界将很不方便.
3、有时假设的情况不用if引导虚拟条件从句来表述,而用介词(如without, but for等)引出的短语、分词(如supposing等)引出的短语、并列连词(如or,otherwise,but,though等)、由动词suppose引出的祈使句或通过上下文的意思来表达.此时句中谓语动词仍采用虚拟语气的相应形式.
例如: 1)But for your advice,I would not be able to do this work.要不是你的劝告,我是不会做这份工作的.
2)Victor obviously doesn\'t know what\'s happened,otherwise he wouldn\'t have made such a stupid remark.显然维克多不知道发生了什么事情.不然的话,他就不会说这样愚蠢的话了.
4、在一些表示愿望、建议、请求、命令等含义的动词后面的宾语从句中,谓语动词用动词原形或\"should +动词原形\"表示虚拟语气.这类动词有ask,demand, insist,order,propose,move,desire,require等.
例如: 1)They demanded that the aggressor troops(should)be withdrawn immediately.他们要求立即撤出侵略军.
2)I moved that he(should)be discharged for his serious mistake.我建议,由于他犯有严重错误,应解除他的职务.
5、在\"would(had)rather(would sooner,would as soon)+宾语从句\"句型中,要求后面的宾语从句用虚拟语气.但这种虚拟语气表示的不是与事实相反的假设,而是一种尚未实现的愿望,其从句谓语动词用一般过去时.
例如: 1)I would rather you came next Friday.我希望你下周五来.
2)I\'d just as soon you didn\'t speak rudely to her.我真希望你别对她那么粗鲁地讲话.
6、在和idea,necessity,plan, motion,order,proposal,recommendation,suggestion,under- standing等词有关的同位语或表语从句中,谓语动词用动词原形或\"should +动词原形\"表示虚拟语气.
例如: 1)M y idea is that the group(should)hold another session to discuss the problem.我的意见是小组召开另一次会议来讨论这个问题.
2)Emphasis is laid on the necessity that all the objectives to be attained be taken into account before starting a new project.我们强调在开始制定一个新的计划之前,必须把要达到的所有目标都考虑进去.
7、在某些\"It is +形容词+that...\"句型中,如\"It is important(necessary,essential, natural,desirable,unusual,pity,strange)that...\",that所引导的主语从句中谓语动词均用动词原形或\"should +动词原形\"来表示虚拟语气.
例如: 1)It is highly desirable that a new president be appointed for this college.人们迫切地希望能给这个学院派一个新院长.
2)It is strange that the girl(should)be so arrogant.真奇怪,这个女孩竟会如此傲慢.
8、在\"It is ordered(suggested,demanded,moved,planned等)+that...\"这个句型中,that引导的主语从句要用虚拟语气形式,谓语动词用动词原形或\"should +动词原形\".
例如: 1)It is moved that Lucy give a performance at the party.有人提议露茜在晚会上表演一个节目.
2)It was suggested that more teachers (should)be sent there to help them.有人建议派更多的老师去那儿帮助他们.
9、as if /though可以引出一个状语从句也可以引出一个表语从句.当as if /though跟在be,feel,look,seem ,sound等系动词之后时,引导的是表语从句;如果主句的谓语动词不是联系动词be等,as if /though引导的则是方式状语从句.无论是哪种类型的从句,只要从句的内容是不真实的,都必须用虚拟语气.当从句表示与现在的事实相反,谓语动词用一般过去时;表示与过去事实相反要用\"had +过去分词\";表示与将来可能相反的则用\"would(could,might)+动词原形\".
例如: 1)I feel as if I were going to faint.我感到我像要昏过去似的.(与现在事实相反的表语从句)
2)She cried as if her heart could be broken.她哭的好像心都要碎了.(与将来可能相反的主语从句)
10、在It is(about /high)time引导的定语从句中,也可以根据需要使用虚拟语气,用以表示\"(此刻)该做.而没有做\"的意思,其谓语动词用过去时或\"should +动词原形(用should时,不能将其省略)\".
例如: 1)It is time I should leave.我该走了.
2)It is about time that you got(should get) dressed.你该穿衣服了.
11、if only引导的是省略了表示结果的主句的虚拟结构,现在已成为惯用法,表达愿望.从句用过去时表示现在没有实现的愿望;对过去没有实现或不能实现的愿望,从句就用过去完成时.这类句型表示一种不真实的条件,常译成\"要是.就好了!\"
例如: 1)If only I had taken mother\'s advice.我要是听取妈妈的建议就好了.
2)If only I could speak several foreign languages.我要是能讲几种外语就好了.
12、在以in order that,so that,lest引导的目的状语从句中,谓语动词一般用虚拟语气.从句中的谓语动词用\"may(might)+动词原形\"或\"should +动词原形\".在以lest引导的从句中,谓语动词用\"should +动词原形\".
例如: 1)She stayed at home for a few days so that she might take care of her sick mother.她在家里呆了好几天,以便能照顾生病的母亲.
2)The teacher explained the sentences again and again in order that the students could understand them clearly.老师一再解释这些句子以便学生能够清楚地理解.
虚拟语气除了用作状语从句中外,还可以用作主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句等名词性从句中.
语法要览--主语从句中的使用
当it作形式主语,后面用形容词作表语,即在it is + adj.这样的句型中,当描述主语的表语形容词是advisable, critical,crucial, desirable, essential, imperative, important, incredible, inevitable, necessary, recommend, strange, urgent等形容词时,主语从句的谓语动词多用虚拟语气,如果是现在时,谓语动词用should/would +动词原形(should/would经常省略);如果是过去时,则用should/would + have done的形式.
example 121.(2000年Text 1)
真题回放:It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful.
破解真题:这是一个含有主语从句的复合句.句首的It是形式主语,真正主语是that从句,该主语从句使用了虚拟语气should+完成时.
参考译文:随着其他国家日益富裕,美国的这一优势地位逐渐下降是不可避免的.惟其不可避免,从优势地位上退出愈发痛苦不堪.
example 121.(05年Text 2)
真题回放:"Science never has all the answers. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions."
破解真题:我们重点看一下...and it is critical that...of present actions这一部分内容,这是一个含有主语从句的复合句.It是形式主语,真正主语是that our nation...of present actions这个从句;该主语从句中,谓语动词base是虚拟式,前边省略了should表示与现在事实相反.
参考译文:科学从不提供现成的答案.可是,科学确实给我们提供了通往未来的最好向导,我们的国家和世界在制订重要政策时,考虑到现行措施对将来产生的后果,最好以科学为依据.
语法要览--宾语从句中的使用
表示"建议、请求、命令、要求"等主观意向的词(如:suggest、advise、assume、decide、demand、desire、insist、propose、order、recommend、require、suggest...),引导宾语从句时需用虚拟语气.虚拟语气中的格式很固定:谓语动词用should+动词原形,should可以省略.注意这种句型中的虚拟语气形式不受主句动词时态的影响(这一点有别于陈述语气的宾语从句).
example 123.(2004年Close test)
真题回放:Theories concerning on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior because they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through interactions with others.
破解真题:此句是个含有一个宾语从句、两个原因状语从句的复合句.suggest是主句谓语,Suggest后面的宾语从句中的谓语动词engage in前面省略了should.
参考译文:关于个体研究的理论认为,孩子们从事犯罪活动是因为以前他们做错事情时对他们的惩罚力度不够,或是因为他们通过与其他人的交往学会了犯罪.
名词advice、assumption、decision、demand、desire、insistence、order、proposal、requirement、recommendation、suggestion...后面若有同位语从句,从句的谓语动词也应使用虚拟语气的形式.此规则同样适用于表语从句.
example 124. (2005年Text 1)
真题回放:Such behaviour is regarded as "all too human", with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.
破解真题:这是个含有同位语从句的复合句.that引导的同位语从句的谓语动词由would+动词原形be构成.
参考译文:这样的行为被认为"完全是人类独有的特点",其潜在的含义是其它动物没有这种敏锐的委屈感.
语法要览--表语从句中的使用
与同位语从句一样,若主语是某些特定动词的同根名词(参考上一部分同位语从句),要在它后面的表语从句要用虚拟式.
以上部分是虚拟语气的主要用法,虚拟语气还有一些其它用法,如在口语中表示客气和委婉、请求或邀请、建议或劝告、祝福等,还有在if only因起的惊叹句中也常用虚拟语气.这些用法相对较为简单,在近年的考验试题中罕有涉及,故此处不再赘述.
example 125.
(英语专业四级考试01 年 Text D)
真题回放:Another decision is whether the school should be one of the vast majority financed by the State or one of the very small but influential minority of private schools, though this choice is, of course, only available to the small number of those who can pay.
破解真题:这是个含有表语从句的复合句.主语是another decision;谓语是is;whether.or.是表语从句,其中谓语动词由should+动词原形be构成.