英语翻译PrefaceThe ARPANET – the Department of Defense network t

英语翻译
Preface
The ARPANET – the Department of Defense network that is the ancestor of today’s Internet—was built in the late sixties using a proprietary protocol suite.This first protocol proved to have shortcomings for linking with other networks,which led to the development of Transfer Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
TCP/IP used 32-bit address numbers.These soon proved to be unwieldy for most users,even when expressed in the less daunting formant of four 8-bit decimal numbers,delimited by periods.The obvious solution was a scheme for addressing computers by name.After all,people relate much better to names and find it much easier to remember the computer in the corner as “Frodo,” rather than “192.168.1.2.”
The First Generation:Hot Tables
The desire to refer to machines by name instead of number led to the first IP address management scheme:the host table.The host table is a file that contains all the IP address in use on a network,along with their names.The host table provides a mapping from a host’s name to its IP address,as well as reverse mapping:Given a host’s IP address,the user can look up its name.
For a host table to be most user useful,it must contain the names of all the hosts with which a given host might want to communicate.For the ARPANET,that mean that the host table had to contain the names and IP address of every host on the network.Such a file was maintained by the Network Information Center (NIC),the central organization responsible for managing the ARPANET.The file was called HOSTS.TXT and was similar in format to the/etc/hosts file on UNIX.Network administrators all over the network e-mailed host table changed to the NIC every time they added or deleted a host or changed a host’s IP address.The NIC made the changes to its master host table,which it made available via File Transfer Protocol (FTP).Administrators periodically downloaded the latest version of the host table to stay current.

前言 以阿帕网-美国国防部的网络,是祖先今天的互联网,建于60年代末通过采用专有的协议套件.这是第一个协议证明有缺陷的联系与其他网络,从而导致发展的传输控制协议/ Internet协议（ TCP / IP ） .TCP / IP协议采用32位地址号码.这些很快被证明是难以为大多数用户来说,即使有人在较艰巨的共振四个8位十进制数字,分隔的时期.明显的解决办法是一个计划,为解决计算机的名字.毕竟,人们更发现的名称和更容易记住计算机在角落里的“弗罗多,”而不是“ 192.168.1.2 ” .第一代：热表 的愿望,是指机器的名字而不是数量导致的第一个IP地址管理方案：东道国就座.主机表文件是一个包含所有的IP地址在网络上使用,同时他们的名字.东道国表提供映射主机的名称,其IP地址,以及反向映射：由于主机的IP地址,用户可以查询其名称.对于一个主机表是用户最有用的,它必须包含的姓名,所有主机与某一东道国可能要沟通.为阿帕网,这意味着东道国表必须包含的名称和IP地址,每个主机的网络.这样的文件是保持网络信息中心（ NIC ）插口,中央机构,负责管理的阿帕网.该文件被称为HOSTS.TXT和类似的格式,/ etc / hosts这个文件在UNIX .网络管理员在网络上的所有电子邮件主机表改为网卡每次添加或删除或更改主机的主机的IP地址.的NIC更改其主主机表,它可以通过文件传输协议（ FTP ） .管理员定期下载最新版本的主机表,以保持最新状态.