英语翻译求一段文字的翻译：IntroductionParenting children is influenced by

英语翻译
求一段文字的翻译：
Introduction
Parenting children is influenced by an individual's experience both as a child and as an adult
and is modified by social support,personality,temperament,stress,acceptance of the use of
corporal punishment,and child characteristics (Bavolek,1999).Adults parent children using
techniques learned from a variety of informal sources,including their experience as children,
advice from grandparents,friends,medical providers and the community.Empathy,temperament
and personality modify the complex parent–child interactions that provide a nurturing environment
for the optimal growth and development of children.
Dysfunctions in parenting or parent–child bonding can have devastating effects on child
growth and development (AAP,1998,1999; Socolar,Winsor,Hunter,Catellier,& Kotch,1999).
This may begin in infancy with manifestations of classic non-organic failure to thrive and can
continue through childhood with developmental delays and disorders,oppositional and defiant
behaviors,conduct disorders,juvenile delinquency and adult criminality (Hawkins et al.,2000;
Seymour,1998).Corporal punishment has been noted to contribute to a variety of negative
outcomes in adults,including emotional problems,post-traumatic stress disorders,poor interpersonal
relationships,job dysfunction,sociopathy and excessive use of violence (Banks,2002;
Bauman,1998).It can cause bruises,fractures and other serious childhood injuries (Whipple &
Richey,1997).Parents' belief in and use of corporal punishment are also modified in a multifactorial
manner,being strongly influenced by a parent's experience as a child and family
acceptance of physical discipline (Straus,Sugarman,& Giles-Sims,1997).Both cognitive and
affective factors can lead to the use of corporal punishment by mothers,and parents motivated to
change can substantially reduce the risk of later maltreatment after a cognitive intervention (Ateah
& Durrant,2005; Littell & Girvin,2005).
Inmates and substance abusing adults are at high risk for a variety of sociobehavioral problems
and poor outcomes which can adversely affect their parenting skills (Beatty,1997).

儿童,
意见祖父母,朋友,医疗机构和社区.移情,气质
和个性修改复杂的亲子互动,提供了一个有利环境
为优化儿童生长发育的.
在养育功能失调或父母与子女的粘接可以产生破坏性影响的儿童
增长和发展（澳联社,1998年,1999年; Socolar ,温莎,亨特,Catellier ,＆ Kotch ,1999年） .
这可能在婴儿期开始与传统形式的非有机未能茁壮成长,可以
继续通过与儿童发育迟缓和混乱,对立和对抗
行为,行为紊乱,少年犯罪和成人犯罪（霍金斯等人.,2000年;
西摩,1998年） .体罚已经注意到作出贡献的各种负面
结果成年人,包括情绪问题,创伤后应激障碍,人际关系差
人际关系,工作障碍,sociopathy和过度使用暴力（银行,2002年;
鲍曼,1998年） .它可能导致瘀伤,骨折和其他严重的儿童受伤（ 1963 ＆
里奇,1997年） .父母的信念和使用体罚还修改了多
的方式,正强烈影响父母的经验,儿童和家庭
接受体罚（斯特劳斯,舒格曼,与吉尔斯,冼,1997年） .这两种认知和
情感因素可能会导致使用体罚的母亲,和父母的动机
变化可以大大减少风险后虐待后,认知干预（ Ateah
＆女士,2005年; Littell与格文,2005年） .
囚犯和物质滥用成年人是高风险的各种问题sociobehavioral
和穷人的成果可以影响其养育子女的技能（贝蒂,1997年） .真的好难.