英语翻译The conception of poverty and what to do about what to d

英语翻译
The conception of poverty and what to do about what to do about it have changed over the decades.Under Social Darwinism the lazy and the inefficient were supposed to be at the bottom of the economic ladder as a consequence of the "law of survival of the fittest."Society was conceived as a network of self-sufficient families which provided for their own.Needy persons outside a household(orphans,childless elderly,and the crippled)were proveided outdoor relief grudgingly and as a temporary expedient.Although it was agreed the "poor will always be with us,"the individual was expected to improve himself through acts of his own will.Charity was thought to be encouraged to work harder.
At about the turn of the century,the closeing of the frontier and the beginning of concern about natural resources brought uneasiness about the possible spread of baggary.The poor were a potentially dangerous calss in terms of disease and disorder.The"poor"were seen as different from"paupers."Paupers were individuals well adjusted to being on the low end of the socioeconomic scale.Without shame or bitterness,they world not seek independence and a "better life."For the mountaineers,subsistence dwellers,and some slum dwellers,the lack of wealth,it has been argued,reflects a preference not to pay the psychological costs of the struggle for riches or of adopting the middle-class work ethic of striving.In contrast,the worthy poor struggled to improve their lot against circumstances beyond their control:low wages,sickness,industrailaccidents,widowhood,and so on.
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过去十年里,对贫困的定义及如何应对贫困已发生了变化.根据社会达尔文主
义,懒惰及无能之辈在经济上将处于社会的底层,这是适者生存定律的体现.
社会被看作是由一个个自给自足的家庭组成的网络.人们向无家可归的孤儿、
孤寡老人及残疾人勉强提供户外救济,这只是权宜之计.虽然人们相信“贫困
不能消除”,但是个人还是应该通过自身努力进行自我改善.而慈善团体也应
继续努力.
大约在本世纪之交,国境线的关闭和对自然资源的关注为潜在的贫困漫延又带
来了不稳定因素.贫困阶层在疾病和秩序方面存在隐患.人们认为贫困人口与
乞丐不同,乞丐指处在社会经济天平的低端且适应良好的个人,他们不觉羞耻
与辛酸,也不会寻求自立或更好点的生活.有争论说,财富的缺乏在山区穷
人、社会底层及贫民窟住户身上表现为从心理上不愿为财富拼搏也不愿采用中
产阶级奋斗的工作理念.与之相反,那些值得尊敬的穷人们却为改善自身命运
而向低工资、疾病、工伤、守寡等不在其控制范围内的条件作斗争.
说明：
一、the lazy and the inefficient ：形容词前加定冠词作名词用,表某类人.
二、At about the turn of the century；译为本世纪之交,如果知道是哪个具体世纪,可加上,（如二十世纪）
三、mountaineers,subsistence dwellers译为山区穷人,社会底层居民
其实觉得subsistence dwellers是为生存挣扎的人,但太长,不好处理.请楼主自定.