大师作文网关于定语从句的所有知识
来源：学生作业帮 编辑：大师作文网作业帮 分类：英语作业 时间：2024/11/10 15:02:58
关于定语从句的所有知识
最好有什么叫谓语,宾语,先行词等
最好有什么叫谓语,宾语,先行词等
组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分.英语句子成分有主语,谓语,表语,宾语,宾语补足语,定语,状语等.
顺序一般是主语,谓语,宾语,宾语补足语,而表语,定语,状语的位置要根据情况而定.
1、主语
主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物,一般由名词,代词,数词,不定式等充当.
Helikeswatch'ingTV.他喜欢看电视.
2、谓语
谓语说明主语的动作,状态或特征.
一般可分为两类：
1),简单谓语
由动词(或短语动词)构成.
可以有不同的时态,语态和语气.
Westud'yforthepeo'ple.我们为人民学习.
2),复合谓语：情态动词＋不定式
Icanspeakalit'tleEng'lish.我可以说一点英语.
3、表语
表语是谓语的一部分,它位于系动词如be之后,说明主语身份,特征,属性或状态.一般由名词,代词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词短语等充当.
Mysis'terisanurse.我姐姐是护士.
4、宾语
宾语表示动作行为的对象,跟在及物动词之后,能作宾语的有名词,代词,数词,动词不定式等.
WelikeEng'lish.我们喜欢英语.
有些及物动词可以带两个宾语,往往一个指人,一个指物,指人的叫间接宾语,指物的叫直接宾语.
Hegavemesom'eink.他给了我一点墨水.
有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语,意思才完整,宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语.如：
Wemakehimourmon'itor.我们选他当班长.
5、定语
在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语.
用作定语的主要是形容词,代词,数词,名词,副词,动词不定式,介词短语等.形容词,代词,数词,名词等作定语时,通常放在被修饰的词前面.
Heisanewstu'dent.他是个新生.
但副词,动词不定式,介词短语等作定语时,则放在被修饰的词之后.
Thebikeintheroomismine.房间里的自行车是我的.
6、状语
修饰动词,形容词,副词以及全句的句子成分,叫做状语.用作状语的通常是副词,介词短语,不定式和从句等.状语一般放在被修饰的词之后或放在句尾.副词作状语时可放在被修饰的词前或句首.
HelivesinLon'don.他住在伦敦.
一、选准关系代词和关系副词
在定语从句中,关系代词或关系副词都代替先行词在从句中充当一定的成分,如果该从句中缺少主语、表语、宾语或定语,就要用关系代词来连接从句；如果从句中缺少状语,就得用关系副词来连接从句.例如：
(1)I still remember the days which / that we spent together.
(2)I still remember the days when we worked together.
二、了解仅用that 引导限制性定语从句的几种情况
that 在限制性定语从句中既可指人又可指事或物.在下列情况下,只能用that 来引导定语从句：
1. 先行词是all , much, few, little, everything, anything, nothing 等不定代词时.例如：
Is there anything that you want to buy?
2. 先行词被all, few, little, much, every, some, no等词修饰或被the only, the very, the same, the last 等限定词修饰时.例如：
These are all the pictures that I have seen.
This is the very dictionary that is of great help.
3. 先行词既指人又指物时.例如：
My father and his teacher talked a lot about the things and the persons that they could remember.
4. 关系代词在定语从句中作表语时.例如：
Our school is not the one that it used to be.
5. 先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时.例如：
This is the best English film that I have ever seen.
The first English novel that I read was A Tale of Two Cities.
6. 主句是who 或which 引导的特殊问句时.例如：
Who is the girl that is standing under the tree?
Which is the machine that we used last Sunday?
三、把握“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的选用
介词的选择与主句中先行词的搭配密切相关.例如：
That”s the reason for which he was late for school.
This is the book on which I spent 8 yuan.
注意：
1. 定语从句中谓语动词是含有介词的动词短语时,介词应放在动词之后,不能拆开放在关系代词前.例如：
This is the key which you are looking for.
This is the baby whom you will look after.
2. 该结构中,关系代词指人时用whom,指物时用which.
四、弄清as 和which 引导的非限制性定语从句指代整体时的区别
1. 位置上的区别：as 引导的非限制性定语从句的位置比较灵活,可以放在主句前,也可以放在主句后,还可插在主句的中间；而which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后.例如：
As is known to us all, the earth turns around the sun.
The earth, as is known to us all, turns around the sun.
The earth turns around the sun, as is known to us all.
The earth turns around the sun, which our parents once told us when we were very young.
2. 词义与联系上的区别：as 引导的非限制性定语从句与主句之间有着较为密切的上下文联系,as 本身含有“正如”之意；而which 引导的非限制性定语从句与主句之间在逻辑意义上近似并列句,which 本身表示“这”或“这一点”之意.例如：
Light travels faster than sound, as we all know.
Jack came late for school, which made his teacher angry.
五、注意定语从句的主谓一致性
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句的谓语必须与先行词保持人称和数的一致.例如：
Tom is one of the boys who are from the USA.
Tom is the only one of the boys who is from the USA.
六、保持主句的完整性并避免从句成分的重叠
1. 在定语从句中,不管出现任何情况,主句的结构必须完整,即主句必须有主语和谓语,缺一不可,否则,整个主从复合句就无法成立.试比较：
(1)Is this factory _______ we visited last week?
(2)Is this the factory _______ we visited last week?
A. which B. where C. what D. the one
分析：
第一题缺少表语,只有填D项才能保持主句的完整性,而其他的选项均为干扰项.
第二题主句本身完整,应填的关系代词在从句中作visited 的宾语,故应选A项.
2. 从定语从句中,关系代词或关系副词已经代替先行词独立地或与相应的介词一起在定语从句中充当了一定的成分,因此在定语从句中就不能再出现与关系代(副)词重叠的成分.例如：
错句：Is this the train that they took it last Sunday?
分析：该题中that 已经代替先行词the train 在定语从句中充当及物动词took 的宾语,故重叠出现的宾语it必须删去.
总之,突破了以上六道难关,定语从句中的难题便会迎刃而解.
一、 定语从句是形容词从句,其作用相当于一个形容词,是用来修饰前面的名词或代词的；同位语从句是名词从句,其作用相当于一个名词,是对前面的名词作进一步解释的.例如：
1． We heard the news that he had told her. 我们听到他对她说的消息.
2． We heard the news that he had won the game. 我们听到消息他赢得了比赛.
例1中的that从句的作用相当于一个形容词,其作用是修饰the news；例2中的that从句的作用相当于一个名词,是对the news的进一步说明.
二、定语从句的引导词在从句中充当一定的成分,可作主语、宾语、状语等；而同位语从句中的引导词在从句只起连接作用,不作任何句子成分.例如：
1. A plane is a machine that can fly.
飞机是一种能飞的机器.
2. The fact that they didn't finish the work has to be faced. 必须面对事实,他们没有完成工作.
例1中的引导词that在从句中充当句子成分,作从句的主语,故为定语从句；例2中的that只起连接作用,引导从句解释fact的内容,不作任何句子成分,故为同位语从句.
三、引导定语从句的关联词在从句中作宾语或状语时,可以省略或被其他词代替；而同位语从句的引导词一般不能省略,更不能被代替.例如：
1. The news that she heard is true. 她听到的消息是真的.
2. The news that she will go abroad is true. 她将出国这消息是真的.
例1是定语从句,that可省略；例2是同位语从句,that不能省略.
3. The reason why he was chosen remains unknown. 他为什么被选上的原因还是不清楚.
4. The idea why he was chosen attracted our attention. 他为什么会被选上,这一想法引起我们的注意.
例3中why引导的是定语从句,why可以被 for which或 that 代替；例4中 why引导的是同位语从句,why 不能省去,也不能被其它词代替.
四、同位语从句与其所修饰的名词之间是一种同位关系,二者之间存在逻辑上的系表关系,可用“主+系+表”结构来表示.例如：
The news that he won the first place is true. 他赢得冠军的那个消息是真的.
上句若用“主+系+表”结构来表示,则是：
The news is that he won the first place. 消息是他赢得了冠军.
意思合理,系表结构成立,故为同位语从句.
五、定语从句所修饰、限定的先行词可以是各类名词,可以有复数形式；而同位语从句一般都与抽象名词同位,一般没有复数形式.例如：
1. The possibilities that she was offered seemed very great.她得到的可能性似乎大些.
2. Her mother was worried about the possibility that her daughter dislike to go to school. 她的母亲很担心,她女儿有可能不喜欢上学.
例1中的possibilities是定语从句的先行词,可用复数形式；例2中的possibility是抽象名词,后接的是同位语从句,一般不用复数形式.
六、由when, why, where引导的定语从句分别修饰或说明表示时间、原因或地点的词,但它们引导的同位语从句一般不和表示时间或地点的词同位.例如：
1. I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. 我仍然记得初次来北京的那天.
2. I have no idea when she will be back. 我不知道她何时回来.
3. This is the house where I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住的房子.
4. The question where we shall have a meeting hasn't decided. 我们到什么地方去开会,这个问题没有决定.
例1、3中的when和 where引导的是定语从句,day 和house分别表示时间和地点；例2、4中的when和 where引导的是同位语从句.
如果在定语从句与同位语从句的学习中能把握住上述几种区别,那么在阅读文章时,就会迎刃而解,收到更好的效果.
顺序一般是主语,谓语,宾语,宾语补足语,而表语,定语,状语的位置要根据情况而定.
1、主语
主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物,一般由名词,代词,数词,不定式等充当.
Helikeswatch'ingTV.他喜欢看电视.
2、谓语
谓语说明主语的动作,状态或特征.
一般可分为两类：
1),简单谓语
由动词(或短语动词)构成.
可以有不同的时态,语态和语气.
Westud'yforthepeo'ple.我们为人民学习.
2),复合谓语：情态动词＋不定式
Icanspeakalit'tleEng'lish.我可以说一点英语.
3、表语
表语是谓语的一部分,它位于系动词如be之后,说明主语身份,特征,属性或状态.一般由名词,代词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词短语等充当.
Mysis'terisanurse.我姐姐是护士.
4、宾语
宾语表示动作行为的对象,跟在及物动词之后,能作宾语的有名词,代词,数词,动词不定式等.
WelikeEng'lish.我们喜欢英语.
有些及物动词可以带两个宾语,往往一个指人,一个指物,指人的叫间接宾语,指物的叫直接宾语.
Hegavemesom'eink.他给了我一点墨水.
有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语,意思才完整,宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语.如：
Wemakehimourmon'itor.我们选他当班长.
5、定语
在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语.
用作定语的主要是形容词,代词,数词,名词,副词,动词不定式,介词短语等.形容词,代词,数词,名词等作定语时,通常放在被修饰的词前面.
Heisanewstu'dent.他是个新生.
但副词,动词不定式,介词短语等作定语时,则放在被修饰的词之后.
Thebikeintheroomismine.房间里的自行车是我的.
6、状语
修饰动词,形容词,副词以及全句的句子成分,叫做状语.用作状语的通常是副词,介词短语,不定式和从句等.状语一般放在被修饰的词之后或放在句尾.副词作状语时可放在被修饰的词前或句首.
HelivesinLon'don.他住在伦敦.
一、选准关系代词和关系副词
在定语从句中,关系代词或关系副词都代替先行词在从句中充当一定的成分,如果该从句中缺少主语、表语、宾语或定语,就要用关系代词来连接从句；如果从句中缺少状语,就得用关系副词来连接从句.例如：
(1)I still remember the days which / that we spent together.
(2)I still remember the days when we worked together.
二、了解仅用that 引导限制性定语从句的几种情况
that 在限制性定语从句中既可指人又可指事或物.在下列情况下,只能用that 来引导定语从句：
1. 先行词是all , much, few, little, everything, anything, nothing 等不定代词时.例如：
Is there anything that you want to buy?
2. 先行词被all, few, little, much, every, some, no等词修饰或被the only, the very, the same, the last 等限定词修饰时.例如：
These are all the pictures that I have seen.
This is the very dictionary that is of great help.
3. 先行词既指人又指物时.例如：
My father and his teacher talked a lot about the things and the persons that they could remember.
4. 关系代词在定语从句中作表语时.例如：
Our school is not the one that it used to be.
5. 先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时.例如：
This is the best English film that I have ever seen.
The first English novel that I read was A Tale of Two Cities.
6. 主句是who 或which 引导的特殊问句时.例如：
Who is the girl that is standing under the tree?
Which is the machine that we used last Sunday?
三、把握“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的选用
介词的选择与主句中先行词的搭配密切相关.例如：
That”s the reason for which he was late for school.
This is the book on which I spent 8 yuan.
注意：
1. 定语从句中谓语动词是含有介词的动词短语时,介词应放在动词之后,不能拆开放在关系代词前.例如：
This is the key which you are looking for.
This is the baby whom you will look after.
2. 该结构中,关系代词指人时用whom,指物时用which.
四、弄清as 和which 引导的非限制性定语从句指代整体时的区别
1. 位置上的区别：as 引导的非限制性定语从句的位置比较灵活,可以放在主句前,也可以放在主句后,还可插在主句的中间；而which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后.例如：
As is known to us all, the earth turns around the sun.
The earth, as is known to us all, turns around the sun.
The earth turns around the sun, as is known to us all.
The earth turns around the sun, which our parents once told us when we were very young.
2. 词义与联系上的区别：as 引导的非限制性定语从句与主句之间有着较为密切的上下文联系,as 本身含有“正如”之意；而which 引导的非限制性定语从句与主句之间在逻辑意义上近似并列句,which 本身表示“这”或“这一点”之意.例如：
Light travels faster than sound, as we all know.
Jack came late for school, which made his teacher angry.
五、注意定语从句的主谓一致性
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句的谓语必须与先行词保持人称和数的一致.例如：
Tom is one of the boys who are from the USA.
Tom is the only one of the boys who is from the USA.
六、保持主句的完整性并避免从句成分的重叠
1. 在定语从句中,不管出现任何情况,主句的结构必须完整,即主句必须有主语和谓语,缺一不可,否则,整个主从复合句就无法成立.试比较：
(1)Is this factory _______ we visited last week?
(2)Is this the factory _______ we visited last week?
A. which B. where C. what D. the one
分析：
第一题缺少表语,只有填D项才能保持主句的完整性,而其他的选项均为干扰项.
第二题主句本身完整,应填的关系代词在从句中作visited 的宾语,故应选A项.
2. 从定语从句中,关系代词或关系副词已经代替先行词独立地或与相应的介词一起在定语从句中充当了一定的成分,因此在定语从句中就不能再出现与关系代(副)词重叠的成分.例如：
错句：Is this the train that they took it last Sunday?
分析：该题中that 已经代替先行词the train 在定语从句中充当及物动词took 的宾语,故重叠出现的宾语it必须删去.
总之,突破了以上六道难关,定语从句中的难题便会迎刃而解.
一、 定语从句是形容词从句,其作用相当于一个形容词,是用来修饰前面的名词或代词的；同位语从句是名词从句,其作用相当于一个名词,是对前面的名词作进一步解释的.例如：
1． We heard the news that he had told her. 我们听到他对她说的消息.
2． We heard the news that he had won the game. 我们听到消息他赢得了比赛.
例1中的that从句的作用相当于一个形容词,其作用是修饰the news；例2中的that从句的作用相当于一个名词,是对the news的进一步说明.
二、定语从句的引导词在从句中充当一定的成分,可作主语、宾语、状语等；而同位语从句中的引导词在从句只起连接作用,不作任何句子成分.例如：
1. A plane is a machine that can fly.
飞机是一种能飞的机器.
2. The fact that they didn't finish the work has to be faced. 必须面对事实,他们没有完成工作.
例1中的引导词that在从句中充当句子成分,作从句的主语,故为定语从句；例2中的that只起连接作用,引导从句解释fact的内容,不作任何句子成分,故为同位语从句.
三、引导定语从句的关联词在从句中作宾语或状语时,可以省略或被其他词代替；而同位语从句的引导词一般不能省略,更不能被代替.例如：
1. The news that she heard is true. 她听到的消息是真的.
2. The news that she will go abroad is true. 她将出国这消息是真的.
例1是定语从句,that可省略；例2是同位语从句,that不能省略.
3. The reason why he was chosen remains unknown. 他为什么被选上的原因还是不清楚.
4. The idea why he was chosen attracted our attention. 他为什么会被选上,这一想法引起我们的注意.
例3中why引导的是定语从句,why可以被 for which或 that 代替；例4中 why引导的是同位语从句,why 不能省去,也不能被其它词代替.
四、同位语从句与其所修饰的名词之间是一种同位关系,二者之间存在逻辑上的系表关系,可用“主+系+表”结构来表示.例如：
The news that he won the first place is true. 他赢得冠军的那个消息是真的.
上句若用“主+系+表”结构来表示,则是：
The news is that he won the first place. 消息是他赢得了冠军.
意思合理,系表结构成立,故为同位语从句.
五、定语从句所修饰、限定的先行词可以是各类名词,可以有复数形式；而同位语从句一般都与抽象名词同位,一般没有复数形式.例如：
1. The possibilities that she was offered seemed very great.她得到的可能性似乎大些.
2. Her mother was worried about the possibility that her daughter dislike to go to school. 她的母亲很担心,她女儿有可能不喜欢上学.
例1中的possibilities是定语从句的先行词,可用复数形式；例2中的possibility是抽象名词,后接的是同位语从句,一般不用复数形式.
六、由when, why, where引导的定语从句分别修饰或说明表示时间、原因或地点的词,但它们引导的同位语从句一般不和表示时间或地点的词同位.例如：
1. I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. 我仍然记得初次来北京的那天.
2. I have no idea when she will be back. 我不知道她何时回来.
3. This is the house where I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住的房子.
4. The question where we shall have a meeting hasn't decided. 我们到什么地方去开会,这个问题没有决定.
例1、3中的when和 where引导的是定语从句,day 和house分别表示时间和地点；例2、4中的when和 where引导的是同位语从句.
如果在定语从句与同位语从句的学习中能把握住上述几种区别,那么在阅读文章时,就会迎刃而解,收到更好的效果.