大师作文网英语将来时 过去时的用法
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英语将来时 过去时的用法
用例子噢
用例子噢
过去完成时
I（or You,He,John,It,They,Those men） had come. I（or You,He,John,It,They,Those men） had been there.过去完成时的用法：
760 1）表示过去某时以前已经结束的动作,过去时间可由时间状语表示出来：
I had read the novel by three o'clock.（I finished it before threeand read it no more at three．）
He had sent the letter last Monday．（= He sent the letter be-fore last Monday．）
He had finished the work five days before（or earlier）（=five days before a given past time）．
We had completed the course in the autumn of 1968．
过去时间有时由状语从句表示,下表表示状语从句中动词所表示动作发生时,主句动词表示的动作业已发生：
后发生的动作 先发生的动作
— When we learned we had studied Chinese．
English,
— By the time he got he had studied history
married, ten years．
— Before he spoke, he had prepared to die.
— Although he failed, he had done his best.
—In order that he might he had considered the
succeed matter all night．
—Where there was a ru－ there had been wealth
in, or power．
如果两个动作是同时发生或几乎同时发生的,则都可以用一般过去时表示：
When we learned English,We studied Chinese．（= We learned two languages．）（同时发生）
When she saw a roach,she screamed．（几乎同时发生）
有时过去时间由形容词（定语）从句表示出来,从句动词表示的动作发生时,主句动词表示的动作业已发生：
后来的动作 更早的动作
—The man that came had travelled in fifty
yesterday countries．
—The woman he married had married five times．
—This man,who was had failed a hundred
successful now, times．
有时名词从句中动词所表示的动作发生时,主句动词所表示的动作业已发生：
How he became prime minister had been prophesied thirty years before．
也有时反过来,从句中动词表示的动作先发生,主句动词表示的动作后发生,则先发生的用过去完成时表示：
后来发生的动作 先发生的动作（状语从句）
—He went to school as soon as（or after）
he had dressed himself．
—The audience applauded when he had finished
his speech．
—He was finally defeated though he had always won．
—I got ill because I had not eaten properly．
但before有时有特殊的用法,表示“不等……就”：
He already died before his sons had arrived．
I left school before I had finished my course．
定语从句和名词从句中动词表示的动作有时先发生,就可用过去完成时表示：
后来的动作 更早的动作
— I asked a man who had learned sculpture in
Italy．
—My wife liked very you had sent me．
much the dog
—He married a woman who had given birth to five
children．
—He said that he had come from
Canada．
—Ha told John that Mary had got married．
—He was afraid that someone had got the
secret．
—She was worried that he had not written to
her for a year．
—He asked me why I had not got married．
在并列句中,有时一个分句中动词表示的动作先于另一分句中动词表示的动作,先发生的动作也用过去完成时表示：
后发生动作 先发生动作
—He was a beggar for he had lost millions
now, in a night．
—He became a great and he had been poor
man, many years．
—They all lay down but some had been beggars
together, and others had been kings．
有时前后两个句子中,前面句子中动词表示的动作后发生,后面句子中动词所表示的动作先发生,则后面动词须用过去完成时表示：
后发生动作 先发生动作
—He was thirsty． He had not seen any water for a week．
—The child cried． Someone had stolen his cake．
—Husband and wife They had quarrelled all
were unhappy． day．
尽管过去完成时表示先发生的动作,在特定的情况下它也可用一般过去时代替：
1）如果所用连词或状语已表示了时间的先后：
—He went to school as soon as（ or after）he
（had） dressed himself．
—The audience ap- when he（had） finished his
plauded speech．
—He spoke after he（had） studied his speech．
—He found his watch． He（had） lost it two days
before．
—He called on me and he（had） let me know a
on Sunday, week earlier．
—He got ill because he had not eaten（or
did not eat） properly．
—I asked a man who（had）learned sculp－
ture in Italy．
—My wife liked very the dog you（had） sent me．
much
—He said he came from Canada．
在连续写一段话时,如果顺着动作发生的时间顺序往下写,则所用动词都可以用一般过去时.如其中有一个动词表示的动作先于另外的动作,为了避免误解,这个动作应用过去完成时表示：
I borrowed a book and read it at night．A week later,I re－turned it to the library and borrowed another．（顺着时间顺序叙述）
但：I read at night a book which I had borrowed． A week later,after I had returned it to the library,I borrowed another．
When he courted her,she turned him down． But two years later,they were husband and wife． She found it queer indeed．（顺着时间顺序叙述）
但： She found the matter queer indeed． She and he were now husband and wife． But only two years before,when he had courted her,she had turned him down．（后面一句追叙更早的事）
在追叙更早的情节时,如果一串动词全都用过去完成时会显得很累赘.一般作法是把追叙部分的第一、两个动词用过去完成时表示,使时间关系清楚,后面则都用一般过去时.
Finally they got married． They had fallen in love in Tok－yo．They had loved each other tenderly．Their parents had been opposed to their marriage,and they had tried twice to commit suicide．（为了避免累赘,可以把追叙部分第一句中的had fallen保留,后面句子中的过去完成时全可以用一般过去时代替.）
另外,历史事实通常应用一般过去时表示,在联系现在情况时,即使另一动词用过去时,也不要把史实用过去完成时表示：
I learned that Columbus（不用had）discoverd America．
He said Hitler（不用had）killed millions of Jews．
如果主句中包含了过去完成时,从句中的过去完成时常以一般过去时代替：
I knew he had lost money when he（had） gambled．
He said Jim had been caught because he （had）sold drugs．
761 2）除了表示发生时间在另一动作之前外,还可表示对后来动作的影响：
I had eaten something before I took（后来动作）dinner．
（So I had no appetite at dinner．）
但：I ate something before I took dinner．（Maybe I had my usual appetite at dinner．）
He had learned English before he came（后来动作）to England．（He already knew English when he arrived in England．）
He felt worse after he had taken the medicine．（Feeling worse is the result of taking the medicine．）
He felt worse after he took the medicine．（Feeling worse may not be the result of taking the medicine．）
762 3）在一个否定的句子中表示另一动作前刚发生的动作,有时可译成“刚刚……就……”或“不等……就……”：
He had not（or scarcely,hardly,barely） touched his re-volver when（or before） he got shot．
No sooner had he opened his mouth than I knew what he wanted to say．
763 4）表示过去某时前已经发生并在继续发生的事时,通常有一个表示一段时间的状语,可译为“到……为止”,或“自从……就一直（已经）”（可参阅725节）：
By December last year,he had worked for ten years．（Most probably he was still working in December．）
Up to that time all had gone well．
He had lived here since he got married．（He was still here．）
He had learned a lot since he became a student．（He was still learning．）
764 5）还可表示一个未实现的愿望,特别是动词表示“打算”这类意思时,可译“本来打算……”：
I had intended to do．（=I intended to have gone．）（ I in－tended to go,but I did not go．）
He had hoped to help you．（=He hoped to have helped you＝ He had hoped to have helped you＝ His hope was to have helped you．）（But he did not help you．）
He had expected to meet you at the restaurant．
I had meant to invite him to dinner．
He had been inclined to be an artist．
I should like to have seen it．（现在的愿望）
I should have liked to have seen（or to see） it．（过去的愿望）
You had better have stayed here．（未被接受的劝告）
765 6）用来代替一般过去时,表示惊奇（参阅747节）：
I saw her from afar．In a minute,however,she had disap－peared．
When he said this,his enemy had come up to him．
It was kept secret,but two days afterwards everyone had talked about it．
He had scarcely raised his hand when his antagonist had lain him on the ground．
766 7）在 said,reported后的间接引语中优替一般过去时及现在完成时：
He said“I have asked the Mayor．”＝ He said that he had asked the Mayor．
He exclaimed,“I saw it．”＝ He exclaimed that he had seen it．
但： I said,“He had been very sad since his wife died．”= I said that he had been very sad since his wife died（不要说 had died）．
I was told he had lost confidence in everything since he be－came（而不是 had become） bankrupt．
I was told he talked as if he knew（or had known） every－thing．
767 8）用来对一个没听清楚的过去情况提问（参阅742节）：
A：They sold six hundred pieces．
B：（Talks about something else,and then asks）
How many pieces had they sold?（= How many pieces did you say they had sold?）
A： I kept it in a small box．
B：（After some time） Where had you kept it?
768 9）用在状语从句中表示从过去时间看将来某时前已经发生的事（来代替过去将来完成时）：
He said（in the morning）he would return（in the evening） when he had spoken to Mary（in the afternoon）．（代替would have spoken）
We would study abroad if our father had earned some mon－ey by then．（代替 would have earned．）
I（or You,He,John,It,They,Those men）came.
I was（or You were,He was ,It was,They were,Those menwerr）here．
737 一般过去时的用法：
1）表示过去发生的动作,过去时间可以由状语表示出来,也可由上下文及说话场合表示出来：
At five o'clock（or As soon as he received the telegram）,hedrove to the station．
He turned out the light at midnght（or when everybody wentto bed.）
Did you go swimming yesterday?” “NO．I was very ill（时间已由问句表示出来）．”
“ Why did you not attend the meeting?”“Because my wife gavebirth to a baby．”（谈话双方都清楚动作发生的时间）
738 2）表示过去反复发生的或习惯性的动作,可有表示频度的状语,也可以没有：
He took a walk every morning．
I swam in the evening．
Mary learned cooking twice a week ．
John seldom wrote to me．
John lived in Calcutta．
Nobody taught Japanese in this city．
He used to（表示过去习惯） drink coffee at night．（used to相当于一个助动词）
也可表示过去的状态：
He is not so happy as he was．
China is not what she was （or used to be）．
He worked much harder formerly than he works now．
739 3）可用在said,reported等后面的间接引语中,代替一般现在时：
He said,“I am very tired．”＝ He said that he was very tired．He exclaimed,“What a pity it is !”＝He exclaimed what a pityit was．
但在口语中一般现在时仍可以用,特别在有一个表示未来时间的状语时：
I said I am free next Sunday．
I knew he comes tomorrow（or in three days,next week）．还有一些情况,间接引语中的一般现在时可以保持不变,如：
I said,“ I must go．”＝I said I must go．
He said,“I ought to do it．”= He said he ought to do it．He said God be thanked．
He said God forbid that he should ill-treat anyone．
He said thank Heaven he was well again．
但在下面情况下,从句中的谓语应用一般过去时：
He thought he could defeat me.（＝ Now he knows he can't．）（从句中的设想证明是错误的）
I thought he was（or had been） a scholar．（ Now I see he isnot．）
I thought you knew it．
We did not know he was a cheat．（＝ Now we know he is．）I didn't quite realize that he was a great,great pianist．（=Now I realize he is．）
The ancients said （or imagined） the sun moved round theearth．（= Now they prove wrong）
I knew he was a simpleton（= Now we see that he is）（从句中的设想证明是对的）
在宾语从句中,如果主句谓语为过去时,要用would代替will：
I knew Wang would not accept this dirty money.
I forgot to tell you that you would get into trouble．
740 4）可用在表示时间、条件的状语从句中,表示一个从过去看来将发生的情况；
He promised to give me five dollars when he got his pay．
He said he would reward me if I worked hard．
We knew Dad would punish us unless we behaved．
741 5）还可用来表示过去计划要做的事,特别是当它有一个表示未来时间的状语时（可参阅693节）：
He started（=was to start） at seven the following day．（比较：He starts at seven tomorrow.）
He left the next week．（比较： He leaves next week．）They returned in ten days．
742 6）还可在对话中用来重复对方刚提这的事：
A：His name is Mauling． B： What was his name（= What didyou say his name was ）?
A：Put it under the desk． B：（Talks about something else,andthen） Where was I to put it?
也可用在比较客气的话中,来代替一般现在时（并不是谈过去情况,而是谈现在情况）：
Was your father in? I was hoping he was free this evening．
Did you want it? I was thinking you might like it．
“I wondered if he could come．”“I was wondering,too．”
I（or You,He,John,It,They,Those men） had come. I（or You,He,John,It,They,Those men） had been there.过去完成时的用法：
760 1）表示过去某时以前已经结束的动作,过去时间可由时间状语表示出来：
I had read the novel by three o'clock.（I finished it before threeand read it no more at three．）
He had sent the letter last Monday．（= He sent the letter be-fore last Monday．）
He had finished the work five days before（or earlier）（=five days before a given past time）．
We had completed the course in the autumn of 1968．
过去时间有时由状语从句表示,下表表示状语从句中动词所表示动作发生时,主句动词表示的动作业已发生：
后发生的动作 先发生的动作
— When we learned we had studied Chinese．
English,
— By the time he got he had studied history
married, ten years．
— Before he spoke, he had prepared to die.
— Although he failed, he had done his best.
—In order that he might he had considered the
succeed matter all night．
—Where there was a ru－ there had been wealth
in, or power．
如果两个动作是同时发生或几乎同时发生的,则都可以用一般过去时表示：
When we learned English,We studied Chinese．（= We learned two languages．）（同时发生）
When she saw a roach,she screamed．（几乎同时发生）
有时过去时间由形容词（定语）从句表示出来,从句动词表示的动作发生时,主句动词表示的动作业已发生：
后来的动作 更早的动作
—The man that came had travelled in fifty
yesterday countries．
—The woman he married had married five times．
—This man,who was had failed a hundred
successful now, times．
有时名词从句中动词所表示的动作发生时,主句动词所表示的动作业已发生：
How he became prime minister had been prophesied thirty years before．
也有时反过来,从句中动词表示的动作先发生,主句动词表示的动作后发生,则先发生的用过去完成时表示：
后来发生的动作 先发生的动作（状语从句）
—He went to school as soon as（or after）
he had dressed himself．
—The audience applauded when he had finished
his speech．
—He was finally defeated though he had always won．
—I got ill because I had not eaten properly．
但before有时有特殊的用法,表示“不等……就”：
He already died before his sons had arrived．
I left school before I had finished my course．
定语从句和名词从句中动词表示的动作有时先发生,就可用过去完成时表示：
后来的动作 更早的动作
— I asked a man who had learned sculpture in
Italy．
—My wife liked very you had sent me．
much the dog
—He married a woman who had given birth to five
children．
—He said that he had come from
Canada．
—Ha told John that Mary had got married．
—He was afraid that someone had got the
secret．
—She was worried that he had not written to
her for a year．
—He asked me why I had not got married．
在并列句中,有时一个分句中动词表示的动作先于另一分句中动词表示的动作,先发生的动作也用过去完成时表示：
后发生动作 先发生动作
—He was a beggar for he had lost millions
now, in a night．
—He became a great and he had been poor
man, many years．
—They all lay down but some had been beggars
together, and others had been kings．
有时前后两个句子中,前面句子中动词表示的动作后发生,后面句子中动词所表示的动作先发生,则后面动词须用过去完成时表示：
后发生动作 先发生动作
—He was thirsty． He had not seen any water for a week．
—The child cried． Someone had stolen his cake．
—Husband and wife They had quarrelled all
were unhappy． day．
尽管过去完成时表示先发生的动作,在特定的情况下它也可用一般过去时代替：
1）如果所用连词或状语已表示了时间的先后：
—He went to school as soon as（ or after）he
（had） dressed himself．
—The audience ap- when he（had） finished his
plauded speech．
—He spoke after he（had） studied his speech．
—He found his watch． He（had） lost it two days
before．
—He called on me and he（had） let me know a
on Sunday, week earlier．
—He got ill because he had not eaten（or
did not eat） properly．
—I asked a man who（had）learned sculp－
ture in Italy．
—My wife liked very the dog you（had） sent me．
much
—He said he came from Canada．
在连续写一段话时,如果顺着动作发生的时间顺序往下写,则所用动词都可以用一般过去时.如其中有一个动词表示的动作先于另外的动作,为了避免误解,这个动作应用过去完成时表示：
I borrowed a book and read it at night．A week later,I re－turned it to the library and borrowed another．（顺着时间顺序叙述）
但：I read at night a book which I had borrowed． A week later,after I had returned it to the library,I borrowed another．
When he courted her,she turned him down． But two years later,they were husband and wife． She found it queer indeed．（顺着时间顺序叙述）
但： She found the matter queer indeed． She and he were now husband and wife． But only two years before,when he had courted her,she had turned him down．（后面一句追叙更早的事）
在追叙更早的情节时,如果一串动词全都用过去完成时会显得很累赘.一般作法是把追叙部分的第一、两个动词用过去完成时表示,使时间关系清楚,后面则都用一般过去时.
Finally they got married． They had fallen in love in Tok－yo．They had loved each other tenderly．Their parents had been opposed to their marriage,and they had tried twice to commit suicide．（为了避免累赘,可以把追叙部分第一句中的had fallen保留,后面句子中的过去完成时全可以用一般过去时代替.）
另外,历史事实通常应用一般过去时表示,在联系现在情况时,即使另一动词用过去时,也不要把史实用过去完成时表示：
I learned that Columbus（不用had）discoverd America．
He said Hitler（不用had）killed millions of Jews．
如果主句中包含了过去完成时,从句中的过去完成时常以一般过去时代替：
I knew he had lost money when he（had） gambled．
He said Jim had been caught because he （had）sold drugs．
761 2）除了表示发生时间在另一动作之前外,还可表示对后来动作的影响：
I had eaten something before I took（后来动作）dinner．
（So I had no appetite at dinner．）
但：I ate something before I took dinner．（Maybe I had my usual appetite at dinner．）
He had learned English before he came（后来动作）to England．（He already knew English when he arrived in England．）
He felt worse after he had taken the medicine．（Feeling worse is the result of taking the medicine．）
He felt worse after he took the medicine．（Feeling worse may not be the result of taking the medicine．）
762 3）在一个否定的句子中表示另一动作前刚发生的动作,有时可译成“刚刚……就……”或“不等……就……”：
He had not（or scarcely,hardly,barely） touched his re-volver when（or before） he got shot．
No sooner had he opened his mouth than I knew what he wanted to say．
763 4）表示过去某时前已经发生并在继续发生的事时,通常有一个表示一段时间的状语,可译为“到……为止”,或“自从……就一直（已经）”（可参阅725节）：
By December last year,he had worked for ten years．（Most probably he was still working in December．）
Up to that time all had gone well．
He had lived here since he got married．（He was still here．）
He had learned a lot since he became a student．（He was still learning．）
764 5）还可表示一个未实现的愿望,特别是动词表示“打算”这类意思时,可译“本来打算……”：
I had intended to do．（=I intended to have gone．）（ I in－tended to go,but I did not go．）
He had hoped to help you．（=He hoped to have helped you＝ He had hoped to have helped you＝ His hope was to have helped you．）（But he did not help you．）
He had expected to meet you at the restaurant．
I had meant to invite him to dinner．
He had been inclined to be an artist．
I should like to have seen it．（现在的愿望）
I should have liked to have seen（or to see） it．（过去的愿望）
You had better have stayed here．（未被接受的劝告）
765 6）用来代替一般过去时,表示惊奇（参阅747节）：
I saw her from afar．In a minute,however,she had disap－peared．
When he said this,his enemy had come up to him．
It was kept secret,but two days afterwards everyone had talked about it．
He had scarcely raised his hand when his antagonist had lain him on the ground．
766 7）在 said,reported后的间接引语中优替一般过去时及现在完成时：
He said“I have asked the Mayor．”＝ He said that he had asked the Mayor．
He exclaimed,“I saw it．”＝ He exclaimed that he had seen it．
但： I said,“He had been very sad since his wife died．”= I said that he had been very sad since his wife died（不要说 had died）．
I was told he had lost confidence in everything since he be－came（而不是 had become） bankrupt．
I was told he talked as if he knew（or had known） every－thing．
767 8）用来对一个没听清楚的过去情况提问（参阅742节）：
A：They sold six hundred pieces．
B：（Talks about something else,and then asks）
How many pieces had they sold?（= How many pieces did you say they had sold?）
A： I kept it in a small box．
B：（After some time） Where had you kept it?
768 9）用在状语从句中表示从过去时间看将来某时前已经发生的事（来代替过去将来完成时）：
He said（in the morning）he would return（in the evening） when he had spoken to Mary（in the afternoon）．（代替would have spoken）
We would study abroad if our father had earned some mon－ey by then．（代替 would have earned．）
I（or You,He,John,It,They,Those men）came.
I was（or You were,He was ,It was,They were,Those menwerr）here．
737 一般过去时的用法：
1）表示过去发生的动作,过去时间可以由状语表示出来,也可由上下文及说话场合表示出来：
At five o'clock（or As soon as he received the telegram）,hedrove to the station．
He turned out the light at midnght（or when everybody wentto bed.）
Did you go swimming yesterday?” “NO．I was very ill（时间已由问句表示出来）．”
“ Why did you not attend the meeting?”“Because my wife gavebirth to a baby．”（谈话双方都清楚动作发生的时间）
738 2）表示过去反复发生的或习惯性的动作,可有表示频度的状语,也可以没有：
He took a walk every morning．
I swam in the evening．
Mary learned cooking twice a week ．
John seldom wrote to me．
John lived in Calcutta．
Nobody taught Japanese in this city．
He used to（表示过去习惯） drink coffee at night．（used to相当于一个助动词）
也可表示过去的状态：
He is not so happy as he was．
China is not what she was （or used to be）．
He worked much harder formerly than he works now．
739 3）可用在said,reported等后面的间接引语中,代替一般现在时：
He said,“I am very tired．”＝ He said that he was very tired．He exclaimed,“What a pity it is !”＝He exclaimed what a pityit was．
但在口语中一般现在时仍可以用,特别在有一个表示未来时间的状语时：
I said I am free next Sunday．
I knew he comes tomorrow（or in three days,next week）．还有一些情况,间接引语中的一般现在时可以保持不变,如：
I said,“ I must go．”＝I said I must go．
He said,“I ought to do it．”= He said he ought to do it．He said God be thanked．
He said God forbid that he should ill-treat anyone．
He said thank Heaven he was well again．
但在下面情况下,从句中的谓语应用一般过去时：
He thought he could defeat me.（＝ Now he knows he can't．）（从句中的设想证明是错误的）
I thought he was（or had been） a scholar．（ Now I see he isnot．）
I thought you knew it．
We did not know he was a cheat．（＝ Now we know he is．）I didn't quite realize that he was a great,great pianist．（=Now I realize he is．）
The ancients said （or imagined） the sun moved round theearth．（= Now they prove wrong）
I knew he was a simpleton（= Now we see that he is）（从句中的设想证明是对的）
在宾语从句中,如果主句谓语为过去时,要用would代替will：
I knew Wang would not accept this dirty money.
I forgot to tell you that you would get into trouble．
740 4）可用在表示时间、条件的状语从句中,表示一个从过去看来将发生的情况；
He promised to give me five dollars when he got his pay．
He said he would reward me if I worked hard．
We knew Dad would punish us unless we behaved．
741 5）还可用来表示过去计划要做的事,特别是当它有一个表示未来时间的状语时（可参阅693节）：
He started（=was to start） at seven the following day．（比较：He starts at seven tomorrow.）
He left the next week．（比较： He leaves next week．）They returned in ten days．
742 6）还可在对话中用来重复对方刚提这的事：
A：His name is Mauling． B： What was his name（= What didyou say his name was ）?
A：Put it under the desk． B：（Talks about something else,andthen） Where was I to put it?
也可用在比较客气的话中,来代替一般现在时（并不是谈过去情况,而是谈现在情况）：
Was your father in? I was hoping he was free this evening．
Did you want it? I was thinking you might like it．
“I wondered if he could come．”“I was wondering,too．”