英语翻译Nanomaterials display novel properties to which most tox

英语翻译
Nanomaterials display novel properties to which most toxicologists have not consciously been exposed before the advent of their practical use.The same properties,small size and particular shape,large surface area and surface activity,which make nanomaterials attractive in many applications,may contribute to
their toxicological profile.This review describes what is known about genotoxicity investigations on nanomaterials published in the openly available scientific literature to-date.The most frequently used test was the Comet assay:19 studies,14 with positive outcome.The second most frequently used test was the micronucleus test:14 studies,12 of them with positive outcome.The Ames test,popular with
other materials,was less frequently used (6 studies) and was almost always negative,the bacterial cell wall possibly being a barrier for many nanomaterials.Recommendations for improvements emerging from analyzing the reports summarized in this review are:Know what nanomaterial has been tested (and
in what form); Consider uptake and distribution of the nanomaterial; Use standardized methods;Recognize that nanomaterials are not all the same; Use in vivo studies to correlate in vitro results; Take nanomaterials specific properties into account; Learn about the mechanism of nanomaterials genotoxic
effects.It is concluded that experiences with other,non-nano,substances (molecules and larger particles)taught us that mechanisms of genotoxic effects can be diverse and their elucidation can be demanding,while there often is an immediate need to assess the genotoxic hazard.Thus a practical,pragmatic
approach is the use of a battery of standard genotoxicity testing methods covering a wide range of mechanisms.Application of these standard methods to nanomaterials demands adaptations and the interpretation of results from the genotoxicity tests may need additional considerations.This review should help to improve standard genotoxicity testing as well as investigations on the underlying
mechanism and the interpretation of genotoxicity data on nanomaterials.

在纳米材料的实用价值问世之前,没有多少毒理学家有意识地发掘它的新颖特性.
一样的性质,小颗粒,特殊形状,更大的表面积,和表面活性让 毒理学家爱不释手拿纳米材料做各种 填补（毒物）学科空白的实验.
这篇读物 介绍了 最近科学文献中记载和登出的 对于纳米材料进行基因毒素的研究
里面最经常提到的就是 Comet Assay 19项案例,14项显阳性.
还有一个比较经常提到的 micronuclue test 14项测试,11项阳性报告.
comet assay 中 还用了其他几种物质进行了 6组测试 结果几乎全是阴性.正是这个对比是的他大受欢迎.
看起来 微生物细胞多数对于纳米材料像是布满屏障一样.
这篇文章收录的对于这篇报告的分析后得出的改进方案的总结是 ：
了解具体哪种纳米材料参加了测试.
考虑到 纳米材料的分布特性,
使用标准方法,
认识到,并不是所有纳米材料性质都一样.
把材料/结果带入vivo study 并与 vitro 结果 联系起来
把 纳米材料的新特性都考虑在内
学习和理解 纳米材料的基因毒理特性
总结出来就是说,当使用其他非纳米的物质进行试验后,对比的出 基因毒理效果不同,很难阐述结果
但是往往在基因毒性危机中有一个中介物质,因此一个更为实用的方法就是 使用一系列标准的基因毒性实验覆盖整个材料波动范围.
这种标准方法的应用 需要适应,而对于得出结果的解释和阐述则需要额外考虑
这篇文章可以帮助 提高和改进 标准基因毒素的测试 纳米材料的潜在性质的研究 和
基因毒理资料的阐述.
累死我了.翻了半天.