英语翻译Complementarities.A host of linkages among cluster membe

英语翻译
Complementarities.A host of linkages among cluster members results in a whole greater than the sum of its parts.In a typical tourism cluster,for example,the quality of a visitor's experience depends not only on the appeal of the primary attraction but also on the quality and efficiency of complementary businesses such as hotels,restaurants,shopping outlets,and transportation facilities.Because members of the cluster are mutually dependent,good performance by one can boost the success of the others.
Complementarities come in many forms.The most obvious is when products complement one another in meeting customers' needs,as the tourism example illustrates.Another form is the coordination of activities across companies to optimize their collective productivity.In wood products,for instance,the efficiency of sawmills depends on a reliable supply of high-quality timber and the ability to put all the timber to use-in furniture (highest quality),pallets and boxes (lower quality),or wood chips (lowest quality).In the early 1990s,Portuguese sawmills suffered from poor timber quality because local landowners did not invest in timber management.Hence most timber was processed for use in pallets and boxes,a lower-value use that limited the price paid to landowners.Substantial improvement in productivity was possible,but only if several parts of the cluster changed simultaneously.Logging operations,for example,had to modify cutting and sorting procedures,while sawmills had to develop the capacity to process wood in more sophisticated ways.Coordination to develop standard wood classifications and measures was an important enabling step.Geographically dispersed companies are less likely to recognize and capture such linkages.
Other complementarities arise in marketing.A cluster frequently enhances the reputation of a location in a particular field,making it more likely that buyers will turn to a vendor based there.Italy's strong reputation for fashion and design,for example,benefits companies involved in leather goods,footwear,apparel,and accessories.Beyond reputation,cluster members often profit from a variety of joint marketing mechanisms,such as company referrals,trade fairs,trade magazines,and marketing delegations.
Finally,complementarities can make buying from a cluster more attractive for customers.Visiting buyers can see many vendors in a single trip.They also may perceive their buying risk to be lower because one location provides alternative suppliers.That allows them to multisource or to switch vendors if the need arises.Hong Kong thrives as a source of fashion apparel in part for this reason.

补充.在群成员之中的许多连合造成一整个的比它的部份的总数棒.在典型的观光事业群中,举例来说,一个访客的经验的质量靠不只有在主要吸引的诉愿上但是也在质量和补充商店,像是酒店的效率,餐馆上,购物出口、和运输设备.因为群的成员是互相依赖又好表现一能提高其余者的成功.
补充以许多方法来.最明显的是当产品在遇见客户的需要方面补助彼此的时候,当做观光事业例子举例说明.另外的一种形式是横跨将他们的集体生产力最佳化的公司的活动的协调.在木材产品中,举例来说,锯木厂的效率仰赖一个高质量木材的可靠补给和能力活用所有的木材.因为当地的地主没有投资在木材管理,所以在 1990 年代早期,葡萄牙的锯木厂受苦于不佳的木材质量了.因此大多数的木材在草铺和盒子中为使用被处理,限制了价格的一种比较低-价值使用对地主支付.在生产力的可观的进步是可能的,但是只有当如果群的一些部份同时地改变.砍伐原木操作,举例来说,必须修正切而且分类程序而锯木厂必须发展能力以比较复杂的方式处理木材.协调发展标准的木材分类而且措施是一个重要的促成步骤.地理零零散散的公司比较不有可能认识并且取得如此的连合.
其他的补充在行销方面出现.群时常在一个特别的领域中提高位置的名誉,使它成为更有可能的买主将会求助于在那里被建立的一个厂商.对于流行和设计的意大利的强烈名誉,举例来说,有益参与皮革货物、鞋类、衣服和配件的公司.超过名誉,群成员时常从多种联合的行销机制,像是公司指示有益于,贸易展览会,贸易杂志,和行销代表团.
最后,补充能制造从对客户是更吸引人的群买.拜访买主能在一次旅行中见到许多厂商.因为一个位置提供其它可能的供应者,所以他们也可能感觉他们的买的危险比较低.那对多来源让他们或者转变厂商如果需要发生.香港为这理由部份地繁荣当做一个流行衣服的来源.