such as 和 for example 和i.e. 的区别

such as 和 for example 和i.e. 的区别
用法的不同 、、 谢、、

such as 和 for example 两个短语都可以表示“例如”,但含义及用法不同.
l）for example强调“举例”说明,而且一般只举同类人或物中的一个作为插入语,且用逗号隔开,可置于句首、句中或句末.如：
Many people here,for example,John,would rather have coffee.这里有许多人,例如约翰很喜欢喝咖啡.
There are many kinds of pollution,for example,noise is a kind of pollution.有许多种污染方式,例如噪音就是一种污染.
2）such as用来“罗列”同类人或物中的几个例子,可置于被列举的事物与前面的名词之间,但其后边不能用逗号.如：
Many of the English programmes are well received,such as Follow Me,Follow Me to Science .其中有许多英语节目,如《跟我学》《跟我学科学》,就很受欢迎.
English is spoken in many countries,such as Australia,Canada and so on.许多国家说英语,如澳大利亚加拿大等._________________________________________________________________________________英文论文中“such as,for example,e.g.,i.e.,etc.,et al.”的用法分析黄龙旺　　龚汉忠(上海交通大学学报编辑部,200030,上海)在英文论文的编辑加工中,常会遇到such as,for example,e.g.,i.e.,etc.和et al.的错误及混淆使用.这里,举例分析这几个词的意义,并阐述其正确用法.1) such as.常列举同类人或事物中的几个例子.其典型的表示式为a plural + such as + single instance( s) of the group to which the plural refers.正确使用的是:The Arts Faculty deals only with humanities subjects such as history and literature.混淆使用的是:The Science Faculty deals only with the measurable such as physics and seismology.论文中常出现such as与and so on或etc.连用,这是不正确的.① 如 It is noted that the features such as clean cut ratio denoted by Rc ,die roll height denoted by Hdr and die roll width denoted by Wdr ,and so on (有的出现etc.) ,are better than the ones with the other models.应为 It is noted that the features,such as clean cut ratio denoted by Rc ,die roll height denoted by Hdr and die roll width denoted by Wdr ,are better than the ones with the other models.当使用such as时,读者已理解后面接着的会是一些不完整的列举,因此不需加上and so on或 etc.等.② 因为such as是对前面的复数名词部分起列举作用,若全部列举出,要改用namely,意思为“即”.文章中出现的He knows four languages,such as Chinese,English,Japanese and German,应将such as改成namely(或i.e.)及后面加逗号,即He knows four languages,namely,Chinese,English,Japanese and German.③ 用such as来形容复数名词( the plural)可以放在such与as中间,一般插在被列举事物与前面的名词之间.2) for example.用来举例说明,由它引出介绍普遍概念的例子,使用范围要比such as自由.可以出现在句首、句末或有时可作为独立语,插在句中,不影响句子其他部分的语法关系.例如,Cryptography operations,for example,decryption or signing,in a given period only involve the corresponding temporary secret key without further access to the helper.同样for example ( e.g.)表示泛泛地举几个例子,并没有囊括所有的实例,其中就已经包含“等等”,如果再加etc.或and so on,就画蛇添足了.如论文中出现的这句话是不当的:Writing instructors focus on a number of complex skills that require extensive practice (e.g.,organization,clear expression,logical thinking,etc.正确的为e.g.,organization,clear expression,and logical thinking.3) e.g..是拉丁文exempli gratia的缩写,意思是“举个例子,比如”,等同于“for example”,目的是用例子来说明前面的观点,用法与for example相同.4) i.e..源于拉丁语,是id est的简略形式.其意思就是“那就是说,换句话说”,等同于“that is,in other words”和“namely”,目的是用来进一步解释前面所说的观点.正确的用法是Use a comma to enclose ( i.e.,both before and after) the year in a month day year sequence.而文章中出现的这句The evaluation noted that the employee had frequently exhibited irresponsible behavior ( i.e.,coming to work late,failing to complete projects) ,应该用“e.g.”而不是用“i.e.”,因为插入句是对“irresponsible behavior”的列举补充.5) etc..是et cetera的缩写,意思是“等等”,相当于“and so on”.可用来列举事物,若要列举人,则需用et al.或用and others.6) et al..是拉丁文简写.其一为et alibi (以及其他地方) ,相当于and elsewhere;其二为et alii (以及其他人) ,相当于and others.